2. History of Energy Use
wood
coal
petroleum
natural gas
nuclear

3. Commercial Energy Use in US Since 1800
100
Wood
Coal 80
Natural gas 60
Contribution to total energy
consumption (percent)
Oil 40
Hydrogen
Solar 20
Nuclear
1800
1875
1950
2025
2100
Year
Fig. 13-4, p. 288

4. Commercial Energy Use for the World
Hydropower,
geothermal,
solar, wind 6%
Nuclear power 6%
© 2006 Brooks/Cole - Thomson
Natural
Gas
22%
RENEWABLE 16%
Biomass
10%
Coal
23%
Oil
33%
NONRENEWABLE 84%
World
Fig. 13-3a, p. 287

5. Crude Oil (Petroleum) long chains of hydrocarbons
formed by the decomposition of deeply buried organic material
must be drilled, pumped, and transported for refining
used for transportation, space heating, industrial manufacturing, petrochemicals

6. Refining Crude Oil Fig. 13-6, p. 290 Gases Gasoline Aviation fuel
Heating oil
Diesel oil
Naphtha
Grease
and wax
Heated
crude oil
Asphalt
Furnace
Fig. 13-6, p. 290

7. Oil Economics
OPEC
Energy Crisis 1973, 1979
Gulf Wars
Peak Oil
ANWR

8. Shale Oil
Fig , p. 294

9. Natural Gas Not gasoline, but 50-90% methane (CH4) by volume
Conventional natural gas
Unconventional natural gas
World supply of conventional natural gas: years
cleanest burning of all fossil fuels

10. Coal Sulfur, mercury, and radioactive pollutants
Used in electricity and steel production
Abundant in the US
US reserves should last about 300 years
Coal gasification and liquefaction (synfuels)

11. underground mining

12. open-pit mining

13. mountain top removal

14. Nuclear Energy
fission
fusion

15. Light-Water Nuclear Reactors
Small amounts of radioactive gases
Uranium fuel input
(reactor core)
Containment shell
Control
rods
Heat exchanger
Turbine
Generator
Steam
Electrical power
Waste heat
Hot coolant
Useful energy
25 to 30%
Hot water output
Pump
Pump
Coolant
Pump
Pump
Waste heat
Cold water input
Moderator
Shielding
Coolant
passage
Pressure
vessel
Water
Condenser
Water source
(river, lake, ocean)
Periodic removal
and storage of
radioactive wastes
and spent fuel assemblies
Periodic removal
and storage of
radioactive liquid wastes
Fig , p. 299