1. BLOOD
The essence of life!

2. Components Cells Cell Fragments Nutrients Gases Wastes Fluids
Hormones & Chemicals

3. Functions Maintain interstitial fluids Homeostasis Distributes heat
Link between internal & external environment
Transport needed substances & wastes

4. How much blood? Average person has 5 liters of blood
Males ↑; Females ↓
Blood volume varies by body size, fluid changes, electrolytes & adipose

5. Let’s talk percentages
~55% = liquid (plasma)
Important for osmosis & pressure balance
Water, amino acids, proteins, carbs, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, wastes
~45% = formed elements
HEMATOCRIT
red blood cells (erythrocytes)
“buffy coat” (white blood cells & platelets)
Must have 38% hematocrit to donate blood

6. Erythrocytes Do NOT replicate themselves! NO NUCLEUS!
↑ S.A. to carry gases
Life span = 120 days
Mature cell is bi-concave shaped
Contains hemoglobin
1/3 of cell by volume
Close to cell membrane
Carries oxygen
Oxyhemoglobin = red blood
Deoxyhemoglobin = dark blood

9. RBC issues CYANOSIS HYPOXIA Blue hands in ↓ temperatures
Constriction of blood vessels
↓ oxyhemoglobin
HYPOXIA
Abnormally ↑ concentration of deoxyhemoglobin
AKA low oxygen!

10. More ISSUES! ANEMIA SICKLE CELL ANEMIA HEMOCHROMATOSIS
Too low hemoglobin/RBC’s
Iron deficiency
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
Moon/sickle shaped
Blocks capillaries (gets stuck)
Painful joints/organ damage;
↑ chance of infection
HEMOCHROMATOSIS
Too much iron absorption
TOXIC!—bloodletting helps

11. Hematopoiesis RBC making process Occurs in the red bone marrow
(-) feedback mechanism
Erythropoietin hormone (liver) controls RBC production
Stimulated release by ↓ O2
Need:
vitamin B12 & folic acid
From intestine
Needed for DNA synthesis
Iron
Recycled
Some lost in biliverden break down process to bilirubin (found in bile)

12. Erythrocyte Life Cycle macrophage intestine B12 Folic acid protein
Mature
RBC
macrophage
New RBC
Bone
B12
Old RBC
Nucleus
ejected
Folic
acid
RBC is digested by
macrophage
protein
HEME (Iron)
Erythrocyte
Life Cycle
Excess
Iron
recycled
liver
Uses & Stores iron

13. Leukocytes AKA—White blood cells Functions Healthy amounts?
Protect against diseases
Eat bacteria
Make antibodies
Healthy amounts?
~5,000 – 10,000 cells/mm3

14. 2 main categories of leukocytes
GRANULOCYTES
Develop in red bone marrow
12 hour life span
2x as big as RBC
Look “grainy”
AGRANULOCYTES
Develop in the lymphatic system & red marrow
Life span = weeks - years

15. Granulocytes 3 types: Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Mobile & Active
54-62% of WBC’s
Have lysosomes
Eosinophil
Control inflammation/alergic reactions
1-3% of WBC’s
Basophil
For allergic reactions
Histamine: ↑ blood flow to tissues
Heprin: helps blood clot

16. Agranulocyte 2 types Monocytes Lymphocytes Active & mobile!
Largest: 3x size of RBC
3-9% of WBC
Have lysosomes
Life span = weeks-months
Lymphocytes
IMMUNITY!
Slightly larger than RBC
25-33% of WBC
Life span = years!

17. Thrombocytes AKA platelets Incomplete cells/cell fragments
↓ ½ size of erythrocyte
Starts clot formation
Repairs damaged vessels
Life span = 8-9 days

18. Blood Groups Type dependent on antigens present AND receptor sites
You can receive a blood group that does NOT have the same type of antibodies as your antigens (if only one antibody present)
If it does = blood clumps!!
4 types: A B
AB (universal recipient)
NO Antibodies
BOTH TYPES of antigens
can receive from all types
O (universal donor)
NO Antigens
BOTH TYPES of antibodies
Can donate to all types

19. Blood Typing Game Antigens Antibodies Can GIVE to Can RECEIVE from AB
NONE
AB only
ALL TYPES A B
A & AB
A & O
B & AB
B & O O
O only
Blood Typing Game