1. Rise of Segregation

2. Sharecropping Many former slaves became Sharecroppers –
Landless farmers who had to hand over to the landlord a large portion of their crops to cover the cost of rent, seed, tools, and other supplies.
Before After

3. Exodus to Kansas Benjamin “Pap” Singleton 60 year old former slave
Organized a mass migration to Kansas
Called an Exodus – like Jews’ escape from Egypt
Exodusters
Name given to those who fled the conditions in the deep south

4. Colored Farmers’ National Alliance
Set up cooperatives
1.2 million members

5. Many African Americans joined the Populist Party (hoping to unite poor white farmers and poor black farmers)

6. Also made it hard for blacks to vote
Democrats appealed to racism to keep black and white farmers from uniting
Warned whites that supporting the Populists would return the South to “Black Republican” rule like it was under Reconstruction
Also made it hard for blacks to vote

7. Disenfranchising African Americans
Poll Tax
Requires register voters to pay a fee to vote
Literacy Test
Had to be able to read to vote
Grandfather Clause
Allowed a person to vote if they had a ancestor on the voting rolls in 1867
Special break for poor whites who couldn't afford the poll tax or failed the literacy test

8. Legalizing Segregation
Separation of the races
Supreme Court overturns Civil Rights Act of 1875 – private organizations could practice segregation
Jim Crow Laws
Statutes (laws) that helped enforce discrimination

9. Court decided that Separate but Equal is OK
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896 Supreme Court case
African American Homer Plessy was arrested for riding in a “whites-only” train car
Court decided that Separate but Equal is OK
Next 50 years -Public facilities were always separate but far from equal

10. Ida B. Wells-Barnett
African American journalist
Crusade against lynching (hanging) in the south – 154 a year lynched
Said racial prejudice and greed were the causes
ex. 3 African American grocers lynched bc they competed against white grocers
Driven out of the south

11. African American reformer Crusaded against lynching, racism, & sexism
Mary Church Terrell
African American reformer
Crusaded against lynching, racism, & sexism
Helped to found NAACP
“Seeking no favors because of our color, nor patronage because of our needs, we knock at the bar of justice, asking an equal chance”

12. Booker T. Washington Major African American voice
Said economic goals more important than legal/political ones
Believed education would bring equality
Founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama

13. A New Black Militancy W.E.B. DuBois Young intellectual from Harvard
Questioned Booker T Washington’s ideas
Demanded racial equality – civil rights
Said voting was the answer
Also founded the NAACP