Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology
Eleventh Edition Chapter 7 The Axial Skeleton Lecture Presentation by Deborah A. Hutchinson Seattle University © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Learning Outcomes 7-1 Identify the bones of the axial skeleton, and specify their functions. 7-2 Identify the bones, foramina, and fissures of the cranium and face, and explain the significance of the markings on the individual bones. 7-3 Describe the structure and functions of the orbital complex, nasal complex, and paranasal sinuses. 7-4 Describe the key structural differences among the skulls of infants, children, and adults. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Learning Outcomes 7-5 Identify and describe the curves of the spinal column, and indicate the function of each. 7-6 Identify the five vertebral regions, and describe the distinctive structural and functional characteristics of the vertebrae in each region. 7-7 Explain the significance of the joints between the thoracic vertebrae and ribs, and between the ribs and sternum. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Divisions of the Skeleton
Axial skeleton Bones of head and trunk Forms longitudinal axis of body Appendicular skeleton Bones that support the limbs © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–1a The Axial Skeleton.
SKELETAL SYSTEM 206 AXIAL SKELETON 80 APPENDICULAR SKELETON (see Figure 8-1) Cranium 8 Skull Face 14 Skull and associated bones 29 Auditory ossicles 6 Associated bones Hyoid 1 Sternum 1 Thoracic cage 25 Ribs 24 Vertebrae 24 Vertebral column 26 Sacrum 1 Coccyx 1 ATLAS: Plates 1a,b a An anterior view of the entire skeleton, with the axial components highlighted. The numbers in the boxes indicate the number of bones in the adult skeleton. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–1b The Axial Skeleton.
Skull Skull Cervical vertebrae Sternum Thoracic vertebrae Ribs Ribs Costal cartilages Lumbar vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae ATLAS: Plates 1a,b Sacrum Sacrum Coccyx Coccyx b Anterior (top) and posterior (bottom) views of the axial skeleton. The individual bones associated with the skull are not visible. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-1 The Axial Skeleton Axial skeleton has 80 bones Skull
8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones Bones associated with the skull 6 auditory ossicles and hyoid bone Thoracic cage Sternum and 24 ribs Vertebral column 24 vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-1 The Axial Skeleton Functions of the axial skeleton
Supports and protects organs in body cavities Provides points of attachment for muscles that Adjust positions of head, neck, and trunk Perform breathing movements Stabilize parts of appendicular skeleton © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-2 The Skull The skull contains 22 bones
8 cranial bones form the cranium Including calvaria (skullcap) Enclose cranial cavity, containing the brain 14 facial bones Protect and support entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–2a Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull.
CRANIUM 8 Occipital bone 1 Parietal bones 2 Frontal bone 1 Temporal bones 2 Sphenoid 1 Ethmoid 1 Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Ethmoid Sphenoid Occipital bone Cranial bones surround and protect the brain. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–2b Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull.
FACE 14 Maxillae 2 Palatine bones 2 Nasal bones 2 Inferior nasal conchae 2 Zygomatic bones 2 Lacrimal bones 2 Vomer 1 Mandible 1 Nasal bone Lacrimal bone Vomer Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mandible Facial bones protect and support the entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–2c Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull.
ASSOCIATED BONES 7 Hyoid bone 1 Auditory ossicles enclosed in temporal bones (detailed in Chapter 17) 6 Hyoid bone Auditory ossicles The auditory ossicles would fit easily on the surface of a dime. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-2 The Skull Facial bones Nine superficial facial bones
For muscle attachment Five deeper facial bones Help separate oral and nasal cavities Increase surface area of nasal cavities Help form the nasal septum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-2 The Skull Sutures Immovable joints of the skull Four major sutures
Lambdoid suture Coronal suture Sagittal suture Squamous sutures © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-2 The Skull Lambdoid suture Separates occipital from parietal bones
May contain sutural bones (Wormian bones) Coronal suture Attaches frontal bone to parietal bones Sagittal suture Between parietal bones From lambdoid suture to coronal suture Squamous sutures Join temporal bones with parietal bones © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–3a The Adult Skull.
Major Sutures of the Skull Sagittal suture Parietal bone (left) Parietal bone (right) Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Squamous suture Temporal bone Mastoid process Styloid process ATLAS: Plates 4a,b; 5a–e Occipital condyle External occipital protuberance Mandible a Posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–3b The Adult Skull.
Occipital bone Major Sutures of the Skull Lambdoid suture Parietal bone (right) Parietal bone (left) Sagittal suture Coronal suture ATLAS: Plates 4a,b; 5a–e Frontal bone Zygomatic Bone Nasal bones b Superior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–3c The Adult Skull.
Major Sutures of the Skull Parietal bone Frontal bone Coronal suture Sphenoid Squamous suture Supra-orbital foramen Temporal bone Nasal bone Lambdoid suture Lacrimal bone Squamous part of temporal bone Ethmoid Infra-orbital foramen Occipital bone Maxilla External acoustic meatus Zygomatic bone Mastoid process ATLAS: Plates 4a,b; 5a–e Styloid process Mandible Zygomatic process of temporal bone Mental foramen Zygomatic arch Mental protuberance Temporal process of zygomatic bone c Lateral view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–3d The Adult Skull.
Sagittal suture Foramen or Fissure Major Structures Using Passageway Parietal bone Coronal suture Frontal Bone Nasal bone Supra-orbital foramen • Supra-orbital nerve (branch of CN V) Ethmoid • Supra-orbital artery Temporal bone Sphenoid Palatine bone Optic canal • Optic nerve (II) • Ophthalmic artery Lacrimal bone Superior orbital fissure • Oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve (V), and abducens nerve (VI) Zygomatic bone Mastoid process of temporal bone Inferior orbital fissure • Maxillary division (V2) of trigeminal nerve(V) Middle nasal concha (part of ethmoid) Inferior nasal concha Maxilla ATLAS: Plates 4a,b; 5a–e Infra-orbital foramen • Infra-orbital nerve, branch of maxillary nerve (V2) Bony nasal septum • Infra-orbital artery Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Mandible Vomer d Anterior view Mental foramen • Mental nerve, branch of mandibular nerve (V3) Mental protuberance • Mental vessels © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–3e The Adult Skull.
Frontal bone Sphenoid Maxilla Foramen lacerum (with temporal and occipital bones) • Internal carotid artery after leaving carotid canal Palatine bone Zygomatic bone • Auditory tube Zygomatic arch Foramen ovale • Mandibular division (V3) of trigeminal nerve (V) Medial and lateral pterygoid processes Temporal Bone Vomer External acoustic meatus • Air in meatus conducts sound to eardrum Styloid process Mandibular fossa Carotid canal • Internal carotid artery Occipital condyle Stylomastoid foramen • Facial nerve (V) Mastoid process Occipital Bone ATLAS: Plates 4a,b; 5a–e Foramen magnum • Medulla oblongata (most caudal portion of brain) Lambdoid suture Occipital bone • Accessory nerve (XI) • Vertebral arteries External occipital protuberance Jugular foramen (with temporal bone) • Glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves (IX, X, XI) e Inferior view • Internal jugular vein © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–4a Sectional Anatomy of the Skull.
THE CRANIAL CAVITY This sagittal section of the skull was taken just lateral to the nasal septum. It gives the best view of the cranial cavity. The colored boxes highlight the bones that surround the cranial cavity, and some of their key markings are highlighted within their respective boxes. Parietal Bone Coronal suture Sphenoid Hypophyseal fossa within sella turcica Sphenoidal sinus Frontal Bone Squamous suture Frontal sinuses Temporal Bone Nasal bone Internal acoustic meatus Ethmoid Styloid process Crista galli Cribriform plate Lambdoid suture Vomer Palatine bone Maxilla Occipital Bone Hypoglossal canal Foramen magnum Mandible a Sagittal section © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–4b Sectional Anatomy of the Skull.
THE FLOOR OF THE CRANIUM This superior view of a horizontal section through the skull shows the floor of the cranial cavity. This is where most of the nerves and blood vessels enter or leave the cranial cavity. Compare this figure and chart with Figure 7–3e showing the inferior view of the skull and Figure 14–18 (p. 495) showing the origin of the cranial nerves. Foramen or Fissure Major Structures Using Passageway Ethmoid Olfactory foramina • Olfactory nerve (I) Sphenoid Optic canal • Optic nerve (II) • Ophthalmic artery Foramen rotundum • Maxillary division (V2) of trigeminal nerve (V) Frontal bone Foramen lacerum • Internal carotid artery after leaving carotid canal Crista galli Cribriform plate • Auditory tube Sella turcica Foramen ovale • Mandibular division (V3) of trigeminal nerve (V) Foramen spinosum • Blood vessels to membranes around central nervous system Temporal Bone Carotid canal • Internal carotid artery Internal acoustic meatus • Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) • Internal acoustic artery • Facial nerve (VII) Parietal bone Occipital Bone Internal occipital crest Foramen magnum • Medulla oblongata (most caudal portion of brain) • Accessory nerve (XI) • Vertebral arteries Hypoglossal canal • Hypoglossal nerve (XII) b Horizontal section Jugular foramen (with temporal bone) • Glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves (IX, X, XI) Understanding skull structure will be especially important to you in later chapters when you study the nervous and cardiovascular systems. • Internal jugular vein © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-2 The Skull Sinuses Air-filled chambers in the skull Functions
Decrease weight of the skull Lined with mucous membranes, which produce mucus to moisten and clean the air Serve as resonating chambers in speech production © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-2 Cranial Bones of the Skull
Occipital bone Parietal bones Frontal bone Temporal bones Sphenoid Ethmoid © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Occipital bone Regions/markings External occipital protuberance—small bump at midline on inferior surface External occipital crest for attachment of ligamentum nuchae Occipital condyles articulate with first vertebra Inferior and superior nuchal lines are attachment sites of muscles and ligaments © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–5a The Occipital and Parietal Bones.
Hypoglossal canal Occipital condyle Foramen magnum Inferior nuchal line External occipital crest Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance a Occipital bone, inferior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Parietal bones General functions Form part of superior and lateral surfaces of the cranium Joints With each other and with occipital, temporal, frontal, and sphenoid bones © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–5b The Occipital and Parietal Bones.
Superior temporal line Inferior temporal line b Right parietal bone, lateral view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Frontal bone General functions Forms the anterior part of cranium and roof of eye sockets Contains frontal sinuses Joints Parietal, sphenoid, ethmoid, nasal, lacrimal, maxillary, and zygomatic bones © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–6a The Frontal Bone.
(metopic) suture Forehead Superior temporal line Glabella Supra-orbital margin Supra-orbital notch a Anterior surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–6b The Frontal Bone.
Supra-orbital foramen Supra-orbital margin Frontal sinus Lacrimal fossa b Inferior (orbital) surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Temporal bones General functions Form parts of lateral walls of cranium and zygomatic arches Articulate with mandible Surround and protect internal ear Attach muscles of jaws and head Joints Zygomatic, sphenoid, parietal, and occipital bones, and mandible © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Squamous part Borders the squamous suture Zygomatic process Inferior to the squamous part Articulates with temporal process of zygomatic bone Together, these processes form zygomatic arch Mandibular fossa Site of articulation with mandible © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mastoid process For muscle attachment Contains mastoid cells that connect to middle ear cavity Styloid process Attaches tendons and ligaments of the hyoid, tongue, and pharynx Petrous part Encloses structures of internal ear © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Temporal bones Foramina External acoustic meatus ends at tympanic membrane Stylomastoid foramen for facial nerve Internal acoustic meatus contains Blood vessels and nerves of internal ear Facial nerve © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–7a The Temporal Bones.
Petrous part Squamous part (cerebral surface) Internal acoustic meatus Mastoid process Zygomatic process Styloid process a Medial view of the right temporal bone © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–7b The Temporal Bones.
Squamous part Mandibular fossa External acoustic meatus Zygomatic process Styloid process Mastoid process b Lateral view of the right temporal bone © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–7bc The Temporal Bones.
Squamous part Mandibular fossa External acoustic meatus Zygomatic process External acoustic meatus Styloid process Mastoid process b Lateral view of the right temporal bone Mastoid process, cut to show mastoid cells c A cutaway view of the mastoid cells © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sphenoid General functions Forms part of the floor of the cranium Unites cranial and facial bones Strengthens sides of the skull Contains sphenoidal sinuses Joints Ethmoid and frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal bones, palatine bones, zygomatic bones, maxillae, and vomer © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Body Forms central axis of the sphenoid Sella turcica Saddle-shaped enclosure On superior surface of the body Hypophyseal fossa A depression within the sella turcica Holds the pituitary gland © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Greater wings Extend laterally from the body Form parts of cranial floor and posterior wall orbit Sphenoidal spine lies at corner of each wing Pterygoid processes Form pterygoid plates To attach muscles of the lower jaw and soft palate © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sphenoid Foramina Optic canals for optic nerves Prechiasmatic sulcus (optic groove) Superior orbital fissure For blood vessels and nerves of the orbit Foramen rotundum and foramen ovale For blood vessels and nerves of face and jaws Foramen spinosum For blood vessels and nerves of membranes © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Foramen rotundum Prechiasmatic sulcus Optic canal Lesser wing Foramen
Figure 7–8a The Sphenoid. Foramen rotundum Prechiasmatic sulcus Optic canal Lesser wing Foramen ovale Greater wing Foramen spinosum Sphenoidal spine Sella turcica a Superior surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Superior orbital fissure Sphenoidal sinus Lesser wing Greater wing
Figure 7–8b The Sphenoid. Superior orbital fissure Sphenoidal sinus Lesser wing Greater wing Orbital surface Body Foramen rotundum Pterygoid process Pterygoid plates b Anterior surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ethmoid General functions Forms Anteromedial floor of the cranium Roof of the nasal cavity Part of the nasal septum and medial orbital wall Contains ethmoidal cells (network of sinuses) Joints Frontal bone, sphenoid, maxillae, nasal, lacrimal, palatine bones, inferior nasal conchae, and vomer © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cribriform plate Forms roof of nasal cavity and floor of cranium (part) Contains crista galli to attach falx cerebri Ethmoidal labyrinths Consist of ethmoidal cells (air-filled cavities) Superior nasal conchae Middle nasal conchae Perpendicular plate Forms part of nasal septum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ethmoidal labyrinth Olfactory foramina Cribriform plate Crista galli
Figure 7–9a The Ethmoid. Ethmoidal labyrinth Olfactory foramina Cribriform plate Crista galli Perpendicular plate a Superior surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Crista galli Superior nasal concha Perpendicular plate Middle nasal
Figure 7–9b The Ethmoid. Crista galli Superior nasal concha Perpendicular plate Middle nasal concha b Posterior surface © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-2 Facial Bones of the Skull
Maxillae Palatine bones Nasal bones Vomer Inferior nasal conchae Zygomatic bones Lacrimal bones Mandible Hyoid bone © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Maxillae General functions Support upper teeth Form inferior orbital rims Form lateral margins of external nares Form upper jaw and most of hard palate Contain maxillary sinuses (largest sinuses) Joints Frontal bones, ethmoid, and with one another All other facial bones except the mandible © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Maxillae Regions/markings Orbital rim protects eye and other structures Anterior nasal spine attaches anterior nasal septum Alveolar process supports upper teeth Palatine processes form most of hard palate Maxillary sinuses lighten the bone Nasolacrimal canal protects lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–10a The Maxillae and Palatine Bones.
Orbital rim Infraorbital foramen Anterior nasal spine Alveolar process Zygomatic process a Lateral view of the right maxilla. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Palatine bones General functions Form posterior portions of hard palate Contribute to the floors of the orbits Joints With each other, maxillae, sphenoid, ethmoid, inferior nasal conchae, and vomer © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Palatine bones Regions/markings Horizontal plate forms posterior part of hard palate Perpendicular plate extends from horizontal plate to orbital process of orbit floor Foramina Many in the lateral portion of the horizontal plate For small blood vessels and nerves of roof of the mouth © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–10b The Maxillae and Palatine Bones.
(horizontal plate) Palatine process Alveolar process Maxillary sinus b Superior view of a horizontal section through right maxilla and palatine bone; note the size and orientation of the maxillary sinus. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–10c The Maxillae and Palatine Bones.
Orbital process Perpendicular plate Horizontal plate c Anterior view of the two palatine bones. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Nasal bones General functions Support bridge of the nose Connect to cartilages of distal parts of the nose that extend to external nares Joints With each other, ethmoid, frontal bone, and maxillae © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Inferior nasal conchae General functions Slow inhaled air Create air turbulence in the nasal cavity Increase epithelial surface area to warm and humidify inhaled air Joints Maxillae, ethmoid, palatine, and lacrimal bones © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lacrimal bones Smallest facial bones General functions Form parts of medial walls of orbits Joints Frontal bone, maxillae, and ethmoid Regions/markings Lacrimal sulcus Location of the lacrimal sac Leads to the nasolacrimal canal © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–11 The Smaller Bones of the Face (Part 1 of 2).
Supra-orbital foramen Nasal bone Sphenoid Temporal bone Zygomaticofacial foramen Zygomatic bone Infra-orbital foramen Maxilla Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Vomer Bony nasal septum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–11 The Smaller Bones of the Face (Part 2 of 2).
Lacrimal sulcus Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Temporal process of zygomatic bone Mastoid process Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Vomer Bony nasal septum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mandible Regions/markings Body of the mandible is horizontal portion Alveolar part supports the lower teeth Mental protuberance attaches facial muscles A depression on the medial surface for submandibular salivary gland Mylohyoid line for insertion of mylohyoid muscle Ramus ascending from the angle of the mandible on either side © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mandible Regions/markings On each ramus Condylar process articulates with temporal bone at temporomandibular joint Coronoid process—insertion point for temporalis muscle (closes the jaws) Mandibular notch separates condylar and coronoid processes © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

temporomandibular joint
Figure 7–12a The Mandible. Articular surface for temporomandibular joint Coronoid process Teeth Mandibular notch Alveolar part Head Mental protuberance Condylar process Body Ramus Angle Mental foramen a A lateral and slightly superior view of the mandible © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

A medial view of the right mandible
Figure 7–12b The Mandible. Coronoid process Articular surface Alveolar part Condylar process Mandibular foramen Mylohyoid line Depression for submandibular salivary gland b A medial view of the right mandible © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hyoid bone General functions Supports the larynx Attaches muscles of larynx, pharynx, and tongue Joints Stylohyoid ligaments connect lesser horns to styloid processes of temporal bones © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hyoid bone Regions/markings Body of the hyoid Attaches muscles of larynx, pharynx, and tongue Greater horns Support larynx Attach muscles of the tongue Lesser horns Attach stylohyoid ligaments Support hyoid and larynx © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–13 A Superior View of the Hyoid Bone.
Greater horn Lesser horn Body Superior view of the hyoid bone © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-3 Orbital and Nasal Complexes
Orbits (eye sockets) Seven bones of orbital complex form each orbit Frontal bone (roof) Maxilla (floor) Maxilla, lacrimal bone, and ethmoidal labyrinth (orbital rim and medial wall) Sphenoid and palatine bones Zygomatic bone (lateral wall and rim of orbit) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–14 The Orbital Complex (Part 1 of 2).
Frontal bone Supra-orbital notch Sphenoid Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Ethmoid Lacrimal bone Palatine bone Lacrimal sulcus Nasolacrimal canal Zygomatic bone Maxilla Inferior orbital fissure Infra-orbital groove Infra-orbital foramen © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–14 The Orbital Complex (Part 2 of 2).
Supra-orbital notch Frontal bone Sphenoid Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Ethmoid Lacrimal bone Nasolacrimal canal Inferior orbital fissure Zygomatic bone Infra-orbital groove Infra-orbital foramen Maxilla © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Made up of bones enclosing nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses Frontal bone, sphenoid, and ethmoid Superior wall of nasal cavities Maxillae, lacrimal bones, ethmoid, and inferior nasal conchae Lateral walls of nasal cavities Maxillae and nasal bones Bridge of nose © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–15a The Nasal Complex.
Frontal bone Frontal sinuses Sphenoid Ethmoid Sphenoidal sinus Nasal bone Nasal conchae of ethmoid Maxilla (bony palate) Superior Middle Inferior nasal concha Palatine bone (bony palate) a A sagittal section through the skull, with the nasal septum removed to show major features of the wall of the right nasal cavity. The frontal and sphenoidal sinuses are visible. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–15b The Nasal Complex.
Frontal sinus Ethmoidal cells Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus b Locations of the paranasal sinuses. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-4 Fontanelles Infant skull Grows rapidly
Is large compared to the body Has many ossification centers Fusion of bones is not complete at birth Two frontal bones Four occipital bones Several sphenoid and temporal elements © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-4 Fontanelles Fontanelles Large areas of fibrous connective tissue
Cover unfused sutures in the infant skull Allow the skull to flex during birth © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-4 Fontanelles Sphenoidal fontanelles
At junction of squamous and coronal sutures Mastoid fontanelles At junction of squamous and lambdoid sutures Anterior fontanelle (“soft spot”) At intersection of frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures Posterior fontanelle At junction of lambdoid and sagittal sutures © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–16a Infant Skull and Fontanelles.
Sphenoidal fontanelle Mastoid fontanelle Coronal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Greater wing of sphenoid Nasal bone Maxilla Mandible Temporal bone Squamous suture Occipital bone Lambdoid suture a Lateral view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–16b Infant Skull and Fontanelles.
Anterior fontanelle Posterior fontanelle Coronal suture Parietal bone Occipital bone Frontal bone Sagittal suture Frontal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Coronal suture b Superior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-5 The Vertebral Column Vertebral column (spine)
Protects the spinal cord Supports the head and body 26 bones 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–17 The Vertebral Column.
Spinal Curves Vertebral Regions Primary curves develop before birth, and secondary curves after birth. Regions are defined by structural characteristics of individual vertebrae. C1 The cervical curve, a secondary curve, develops as the infant learns to balance the weight of its head on the vertebrae of the neck. C2 C3 C4 Cervical (7 vertebrae) C5 C6 C7 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 The thoracic curve, a primary curve, provides room for the thoracic organs. T6 T7 Thoracic (12 vertebrae) T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 ATLAS: Plate 2b L1 The lumbar curve, a secondary curve, balances the weight of the trunk over the lower limbs. This curve develops with the ability to stand. L2 Lumbar (5 vertebrae) L3 L4 L5 The sacral curve, a primary curve, provides room for various abdominopelvic organs. Sacral Coccygeal © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-5 The Vertebral Column Spinal curves Cervical curve Thoracic curve
Lumbar curve Sacral curve © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-5 The Vertebral Column Thoracic and sacral curves
Called primary curves (accommodation curves) Present during fetal development Accommodate internal organs Cervical and lumbar curves Called secondary curves (compensation curves) Appear after birth Shift body weight to permit upright posture © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-6 The Five Vertebral Regions
Vertebrae Neck Seven cervical vertebrae Upper back 12 thoracic vertebrae Each articulates with one or more pairs of ribs Lower back Five lumbar vertebrae © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Vertebral anatomy Vertebral body Transfers weight along the spine Forms anterior margin of each vertebral foramen Vertebral arch forms posterior margin of each vertebral foramen Walls are called pedicles Laminae form roof Articular processes Lateral projections between laminae and pedicles © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–18a Vertebral Anatomy.
Vertebral arch Articular processes Pedicle Laminae Vertebral body a The major parts of a typical vertebra © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Vertebral anatomy Spinous process Posterior projection from where vertebral laminae fuse Transverse processes Projections from where laminae join pedicles Superior and inferior articular processes Have articular facets For articulations with neighboring vertebrae © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–18b Vertebral Anatomy.
Superior articular process Pedicle Transverse process Vertebral body Spinous process Inferior articular facet Arrow passing through vertebral foramen Inferior articular process b A lateral and slightly inferior view of a vertebra © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–18c Vertebral Anatomy.
Spinous process Superior articular process Inferior articular process Transverse process Inferior articular facet Pedicle Vertebral foramen Vertebral body c An inferior view of a vertebra © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Intervertebral discs Pads of fibrocartilage Separate adjacent vertebral bodies Intervertebral foramina Gaps between pedicles of adjacent vertebrae For nerve connections to spinal cord Vertebral canal Formed by vertebral foramina of successive vertebrae Encloses the spinal cord © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–18d Vertebral Anatomy.
Superior articular facets Superior articular process Lamina of vertebral arch Spinous process Intervertebral disc Transverse process Vertebral body Inferior articular process d A posterior view of three articulated vertebrae © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–18e Vertebral Anatomy.
Superior articular facets Lamina of vertebral arch Intervertebral foramen Intervertebral disc Spinous process Transverse process Vertebral body Inferior articular facet Arrow passing through vertebral canal e A lateral and sectional view of three articulated vertebrae © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Vertebrae are numbered By region, from top (superior) to bottom (inferior) C1 articulates with skull, L5 with sacrum Vertebrae of each region Have characteristics determined by functions © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cervical vertebrae C1 to C7 Small body (support only head) Large vertebral foramen (largest part of spinal cord) Concave superior surface Anterior edge is inferior to posterior edge © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cervical vertebrae Transverse processes are fused to costal processes Encircle transverse foramina for vertebral arteries and vertebral veins All except C1 have spinous processes Tips of most spinous processes are notched (bifid) Whiplash—partial or complete dislocation of cervical vertebrae © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–19a The Cervical Vertebrae.
Spinous process of vertebra prominens ATLAS: Plates 20b; 21a–e C7 a A lateral view of the cervical vertebrae, C1–C7. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–19b The Cervical Vertebrae.
Vertebral arch Spinous process Lamina Vertebral foramen Superior articular process Pedicle Vertebral body Transverse process Superior articular facet Transverse foramen Costal process b A superior view of a representative cervical vertebra (C3–C6). Note the typical features listed in Table 7–1. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–19c The Cervical Vertebrae.
Superior articular process Transverse process Inferior articular process Spinous process Bifid tip of spinous process Location of transverse foramen Inferior articular facet Vertebral body c A lateral view of the same vertebra as in part b. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cervical vertebrae The atlas (C1) Articulates with occipital condyles of skull Has no body or spinous process Has a large, round vertebral foramen within anterior and posterior arches © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cervical vertebrae The axis (C2) Articulates with the atlas Has heavy spinous process to attach muscles of head and neck Bodies of axis and atlas fuse during development to form the dens © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–19d The Cervical Vertebrae.
Dens of axis Anterior arch Transverse ligament Atlas (C1) Posterior arch Axis (C2) d The atlas (C1) and axis (C2) in posterolateral view. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cervical vertebrae The vertebra prominens (C7) Transitions to thoracic vertebrae Has a long spinous process with a broad tubercle Has large transverse processes Ligamentum nuchae (elastic ligament) extends from C7 to skull © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12) Have heart-shaped bodies Larger bodies and relatively smaller vertebral foramina than those in cervical vertebrae Long, slender spinous process Dorsolateral surfaces of body have costal facets Articulate with heads of ribs © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Thoracic vertebrae T1–T8 each articulate with two pairs of ribs At superior and inferior costal facets T9–T11 articulate with one pair of ribs T1–T10 Have thick transverse processes With transverse costal facets for rib articulation Ribs pairs 1–10 Contact costal and transverse costal facets T10–T12 transition to lumbar vertebrae © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–20a The Thoracic Vertebrae.
prominens C7 T1 T2 Intervertebral foramen T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12) T8 T9 T10 ATLAS: Plates 22a–c T11 T12 L1 a A lateral view of the thoracic region of the vertebral column. The vertebra prominens (C7) resembles T1, but lacks facets for rib articulation. Vertebra T12 resembles the first lumbar vertebra (L1) but has a facet for rib articulation. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–20b The Thoracic Vertebrae.
Spinous process Transverse process Lamina Transverse costal facet Superior articular facet Vertebral foramen Superior costal facet ATLAS: Plates 22a–c Vertebral body b Thoracic vertebra, superior view. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–20c The Thoracic Vertebrae.
Superior costal facet for head of superior rib Transverse costal facet for tubercle of superior rib Transverse process Vertebral body Spinous process Inferior costal facet for head of inferior rib ATLAS: Plates 22a–c c Thoracic vertebra, lateral view. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5) Largest vertebrae Thick, oval-shaped bodies No costal facets or transverse costal facets Triangular vertebral foramen Superior articular processes face medially Inferior articular processes face laterally Slender transverse processes project dorsolaterally Massive spinous processes For attachment of lower back muscles © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–21a The Lumbar Vertebrae.
ATLAS: Plates 23a–c Sacrum Coccyx a A lateral view of the lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–21b The Lumbar Vertebrae.
Spinous process Superior articular facet Lamina Superior articular process Transverse process Transverse process Vertebral foramen Pedicle ATLAS: Plates 23a–c Vertebral body b Superior view of typical lumbar vertebra © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–21c The Lumbar Vertebrae.
Superior articular process Pedicle Transverse process Vertebral body Spinous process Inferior articular process ATLAS: Plates 23a–c Inferior articular facet c Lateral view of a typical lumbar vertebra © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sacrum Curved, more so in males than in females Protects reproductive, urinary, and digestive organs Attaches Axial skeleton to pelvic girdle Broad muscles that move the thigh © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sacrum The adult sacrum Consists of five fused sacral vertebrae Fusion occurs between puberty and ages 25–30 Leaving transverse lines Sacral canal Passageway that extends the length of the sacrum Contains nerves and membranes © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sacrum Median sacral crest Ridge formed from fused spinous processes Four pairs of sacral foramina open to either side Lateral sacral crest Ridge formed from fused transverse processes Attaches to muscles of lower back and hip © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sacrum Sacral cornua Ridges formed from laminae of fifth sacral vertebra Laminae do not meet at midline Sacral hiatus Opening at inferior end of sacral canal Bordered by sacral cornua Covered by connective tissues © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sacrum Auricular surface Thick, flattened area Articulates with pelvic girdle (forming sacro-iliac joint) Sacral tuberosity Roughened area Attaches ligaments of sacro-iliac joint © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sacrum Apex Narrow inferior portion Articulates with the coccyx Base Broad superior surface Sacral promontory Prominent bulge at anterior tip of base Ala A wing on either side of the base To attach muscles © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Coccyx Mature coccyx Consists of three to five fused coccygeal vertebrae Attaches ligaments and a constricting muscle of the anus First two coccygeal vertebrae have transverse processes And unfused vertebral arches Coccygeal cornu Prominent lamina of first coccygeal vertebra © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–22a The Sacrum and Coccyx.
Articular process Entrance to sacral canal Sacral tuberosity Lateral sacral crest Sacral foramina Median sacral crest Sacral cornu Sacral hiatus Coccygeal cornu Coccyx a A posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–22b The Sacrum and Coccyx.
Sacral promontory Auricular surface Lateral sacral crest Median sacral crest Sacral curve Sacral cornu Coccygeal cornu Coccyx b A lateral view from the right side © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–22c The Sacrum and Coccyx.
Base Sacral promontory Ala Ala Sacral foramina Transverse lines Apex Coccyx c An anterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-7 The Thoracic Cage Thoracic cage The skeleton of the chest
Consists of Thoracic vertebrae Ribs Costal cartilages Sternum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–23a The Thoracic Cage.
Jugular notch T1 Clavicular articulation 1 Sternum Manubrium 2 3 Body True ribs (ribs 1–7) 4 Xiphoid process 5 ATLAS: Plate 22b Costal cartilages 6 10 T11 7 T12 11 Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10) 12 8 9 False ribs (ribs 8–12) Floating ribs (ribs 11–12) a An anterior view, showing the costal cartilages and the sternum © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7–23b The Thoracic Cage.
1 T2 1 2 2 T3 3 3 T4 4 4 T5 5 T6 5 6 True ribs (ribs 1–7) T7 6 7 T8 7 8 T9 8 T10 9 9 T11 10 T12 10 11 L1 11 False ribs (ribs 8–12) 12 12 b A posterior view, showing the articulations of the ribs and vertebrae © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-7 The Thoracic Cage Functions of thoracic cage
Protects organs of the thoracic cavity Including heart, lungs, and thymus Provides attachment for muscles involved in Breathing Maintaining position of vertebral column Moving pectoral girdles Ribs and sternum form rib cage © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-7 The Thoracic Cage Ribs 12 pairs of long, curved, flat bones
Extending from thoracic vertebrae Ribs are divided into two types True ribs False ribs © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-7 The Thoracic Cage Ribs 1–7 are true ribs Vertebrosternal ribs
Connected to sternum by costal cartilages © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-7 The Thoracic Cage Ribs 8–12 are false ribs
Do not attach directly to sternum Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10) Costal cartilages fuse together Merge with cartilages of rib pair 7 before reaching sternum Floating or vertebral ribs (ribs 11–12) Have no connection with the sternum Connect only to vertebrae and muscles of body wall © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-7 The Thoracic Cage Structures of the ribs Head (capitulum)
At vertebral end of rib Has superior and inferior articular facets Neck Short area between head and tubercle © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-7 The Thoracic Cage Structures of the ribs Tubercle
A small dorsal elevation Has an articular facet that contacts transverse process of thoracic vertebra (at T1–T10 only) Tubular body (shaft) Attaches muscles of pectoral girdle and trunk Attaches intercostal muscles that move the ribs © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

A superior view of a rib showing the joints between it
Figure 7–24a The Ribs. Transverse costal facet Tubercle of rib Angle Neck Vertebral end Demifacet Head (capitulum) a A superior view of a rib showing the joints between it and a thoracic vertebra © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

A posterior view of a typical rib (ribs 2–9) from the right side
Figure 7–24b The Ribs. Head Neck Attachment to costal cartilage (sternal end) Articular facets Tubercle Body Angle Costal groove b A posterior view of a typical rib (ribs 2–9) from the right side © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-7 The Thoracic Cage Sternum (breastbone)
A flat bone in anterior midline of thoracic wall Three parts of the sternum Manubrium Body Xiphoid process © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-7 The Thoracic Cage Manubrium Superior portion of sternum
Broad, triangular shape Articulates with clavicles (collarbones) Articulates with cartilages of first rib pair Has a jugular notch, a shallow indentation between clavicular articulations © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-7 The Thoracic Cage Sternal body Tongue-shaped Attaches to manubrium
Attaches to costal cartilages of rib pairs 2–7 Xiphoid process Smallest part of the sternum Attaches to sternal body Attaches to diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscle © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

7-7 The Thoracic Cage The developing sternal body
Consists of four separate bones Fusion is not complete until at least age 25 Leaving transverse lines The xiphoid process Last part of sternum to ossify and fuse Can be broken easily © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology

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