1. Transformations in Europe, 1500 - 1750

2. I. Culture and Ideas

3. A. Religious Reformation
Papacy – St. Peter’s Basilica
Indulgences
Martin Luther (1483 – 1546)
Salvation from faith in Jesus Christ – not works
Rejection of papal authority – Protestant Reformation
Bible, printing press
German support/nationalism

4. Religious Reformation Continued…
John Calvin (1509 – 1564)
Faith not enough, salvation a gift from God – “predestined”
Organization, lifestyle
Religious movements connected to political circumstances
Trent – Catholic Reformation
Jesuits
Wars of Religion

5. B. Traditional Thinking and Witch - Hunts
Folklore/magic
Christian teachings – miracles, devils, etc.
Natural events – supernatural causes
Lisbon – 1755
Accused women and their fates…
Reformation’s focus on the Devil
Fear of independent women
Women’s sphere of influence

7. C. The Scientific Revolution
Influence of Greco – Roman sources/Bible
Aristotle – four elements and physics
Pythagoras
Scientific Revolution – observation
Nicholas Copernicus (1473 – 1543) – heliocentric universe
Tycho Braches and Johannes Kepler – elliptical orbits

8. The Scientific Revolution Continued…
Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) – telescope
Challenge to religious/traditional beliefs
Galileo’s view of God’s truth
Jesuits, Roman Inquisition, The Starry Messenger
Robert Boyle – chemistry
Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727) – common physics, law of gravity
Hostility of the church, challenges to authority

9. D. The Early Enlightenment
Laws of human behavior – Enlightenment
Resistance to Enlightenment thinkers
Reaction against religious violence
Appreciation of non – Western examples of governance/behavior
Optimistic about future of human behavior/institutions

10. II. Social and Economic Life

11. A. The Bourgeoisie
Merchant ships – fluit, “East Indiaman” Dutch banks – investments, capital
Cartography
Population growth in London, Paris
Bourgeoisie – work/lifestyle
Netherlands – textile industry, used foreign raw materials, publishing endeavors
Amsterdam – commercial fleets dominated overseas trade during 1600s

12. The Bourgeoisie continued…
Family connections/merchant colonies in European cities
Alliances with monarchies
Joint – stock companies
Stock exchanges
Canals
British/Dutch competition – English supremacy
Gentry – alliances with old nobility; exemption from taxes

13. B. Peasants and Laborers
Decline of serfdom/slavery in Western Europe – relation to the Americas
Challenges to peasants – Little Ice Age
Impact of new crops from Americas by 1700
Exports of wheat
Deforestation – coke (1709), impact on peasants
Spinning yarn
Migration to cities - no relief from poverty
Rebellions of the poor in Early Modern Europe – resentment against privileged/landowning classes, exemption from taxation

14. C. Women and the Family
Women lower than men but mitigated by class/wealth
Importance of a good marriage
Choice in marriage/reasons for age
Abandoned children/rape
Solid education for sons – languages, business
Exclusion/participation of women in Renaissance, Scientific Rev., Enlightenment

15. III. Political Innovations

16. A. State Development Political diversity Holy Roman Empire – German
Charles V – Habsburg – united Christian Europe vs. Ottomans
French/German opposition
German Wars of Religion and the Peace of Augsburg (1555)
France, Spain, England strengthening central authority

18. B. Religious Policies
Spain/France – defended Catholicism (Spanish Inquisition)
French Wars of Religion – Henry of Navarre, Edict of Nantes
England – Henry VIII, Catherine of Aragon, support of Parliament to make English monarch head of Church of England
Disbanding of monasteries/church lands
Not as many reforms as English Puritans wanted

19. C. Monarchies in England and France
England – Charles I disbanded Parliament, needed help to gather taxes, Parliament wanted guarantees of rights – English Civil War in 1642
Charles I executed, Oliver Cromwell instated, eventually Charles II restored
James II a Catholic threat
Queen Mary and William of Orange – Glorious Revolution of 1688
English Bill of Rights 1689

20. Monarchies in England and France Continued…
Estates General
Monarchs sold appointments/efficient tax collection
Louis XIV – Palace of Versailles, kept political intrigues out of Paris
French model widely admired
John Lock (1632 – 1704) – disputed divine right of monarchs, authority from consent of the governed

21. D. Warfare and Diplomacy
Warfare common in Early Modern period
Expensive/destructive
Thirty Years War (1618 – 1648)
European armed forces much stronger – larger armies, centralized command structures, training, fortifications
Stalemates – navy
Henry VIII – investment in navy, influence of the Dutch, creation of Great Britain
Prevented Spain/France from uniting
Balance of power

23. E. Paying the Piper
Post 1600 – states needed more revenue for militaries
Alliances with rising commercial elite – needed space AND support
Spanish wars, religious expulsions, and aristocratic exemption from taxes
American gold/silver – inflation
Netherlands revolted against Spanish policies – 1648 achieved full independence

24. Paying the Piper Continued…
United Netherlands decentralized – excelled in trade, commercial interests
Rise of the English navy/merchant ships
English “financial revolution” – taxed aristocracy, collected taxes directly, central bank
France – some adjustments but stifled by aristocracy