1. The Confederation and the Constitution
Chapter 9

2. Equality “All men are created Equal” Society of the Cincinnati
Continental Army officers
Separation of Church and State
Anglican Church = De-anglicized
Protestant Episcopal Church
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
Philadelphia Quakers
First antislavery society
Discrimination
Civic Virtue
Democracy depended on the unselfish commitment of each citizen
Republican motherhood
Social keepers

3. Economic Crosscurrents
Loyalist holdings = confiscated
Stimulus in Manufacturing
Mills
American ships barred from British Harbors
Trade more disagreeable after independence
States = pay back borrowed money
Inflation
Worse off than before war

4. Creating a Confederation
2nd Continental Congress
Only did what it dared
Military, foreign policy
13 sovereign states
Money, military, tariff barriers
Articles of Confederation
Adopted in 1777
Ratified in 1781
All 13 states
Discord over western lands

5. Articles of Confederation
Loose Confederation = “Firm league of friendship”

7. Landmarks Land Ordinance of 1785
Old Northwest = used to pay off national debt
Divide into townships
6 miles square
36 sections = 1 mile each
16th section = public schools

9. Cont. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Governing of the Old Northwest
2 stages
1st = area subordinate to federal government
2nd = 60,000 can be admitted by Congress as a state
Receive all privileges
Forbade slavery in the Old Northwest
Exempted present slaves

10. Anarchy States getting out of hand Shay’s Rebellion
Refused to pay taxes
Levying duties on neighbors
Shay’s Rebellion
Massachusetts = 1786
Back country farmers
Loosing their farms = mortgage foreclosures
Demanded state issue paper money, lighten taxes

11. Demigods Control of commerce Virginia takes lead Interstate fighting
Convention in Maryland
9 states appointed delegates
5 showed
Alexander Hamilton = Report
Meet in Philadelphia = 1 year
Bolster Articles

12. Cont. 12 states sent delegates to convention called by congress
Philadelphia, May 1787
R.I. not represented
55 delegates
Washington = chairman
Nationalists
Gave up on fixing Articles --- Now time to form a new government

14. Great Compromise Fight for Representation James Madison
Virginia Plan
2 house legislature ---- population
William Paterson
New Jersey Plan
Single house congress --- equal vote
Great Compromise
2 house congress ---
Equal representation in Senate = 2
Population determined House of Representatives

15. Cont. Three-Fifths Compromise 3 Branches of Government
Three-fifths of state’s slaves to be counted
3 Branches of Government
Federalism - power divided between national government and several state governments
Delegated Powers - National Government
Control Foreign Affairs
Regulate Trade
Reserved Powers - States
Education
Tax

16. Safeguards Legislative Branch --- Make laws
Executive Branch --- Carry out laws
Judicial Branch --- Interpret the laws
Checks and Balances

17. Convention’s Over Adjourned Convention
17 weeks
May 25 = September 17, 1787
42 remained
39 signed
9 states needed to ratify Constitution

18. Clash Federalists Antifederalists Supporters of the Constitution
George Washington, Ben Franklin
Antifederalists
Opposed having strong central government
Sam Adams, Patrick Henry

19. Great Debate War of words --- Public debates / Articles
Propaganda = The Federalists
Alexander Hamilton
James Madison
John Jay
Major opposition
Did not protect the rights of people
Bill of Rights

21. Ratified States Maryland = April 28, 1788 Delaware = Dec 7, 1787
S. Carolina = May 23, 1788
New Hampshire = June 21, 1788
Virginia = June 26, 1788
New York = July 26, 1788
N. Carolina = Nov 21, 1788
R.I. = May 29, 1790
Delaware = Dec 7, 1787
Pennsylvania = Dec 12, 1787
New Jersey = Dec 18, 1787
Georgia = Jan 2, 1788
Connecticut = Jan 9, 1788
Massachusetts = Feb 7, 1788

22. Relevance Oldest written national constitution still in use
Meets the changing need of Americans
Elastic Clause
Stretches the power of the government
Expand to meet unforeseen circumstances
Formally changed when necessary
Amendments
Only 27 amendments have been added