1. Biology Notes Cell Energy Part 3 Pages 639-655

2. Standard Essential Question:
____ Relate the structure of each of the major plant organs and tissues to physiological processes
3.1
Essential Question:
How have the structures and functions of
plants enabled them to survive? 1.

3. I. Plants
Plants = multi-cellular eukaryotic organisms that have cell _____ and carry out ______________
e.g.
eukaryote = cells that have a ________
walls
photosynthesis
ferns, everglades, pine trees, flowers,
maple trees, fruit trees, etc.
nucleus

4. II. Plant Organs
A. Roots
roots function to absorb _____ and _________ into the plant as well as to anchor the plant in the ____
in order to function properly, plants need to uptake specific minerals: __, __, __, ___, and ___
this is why most fertilizers contain __ and __
water
nutrients
soil N P K Ca Mg N P

5. root hairs = tiny cellular projections from roots that ________ the surface area of absorption for water and nutrients from the soil
increase

6. B. Stems
stems function to transport food and water from _____ to leaves and support branches and leaves
roots

7. C. Leaves
leaves function to provide a broad, flat surface for _____ absorption
light

8. D. Flowers
IF a plant has flowers, it is the reproductive ________
some flowers are colored brightly to encourage ____________ by insects
center
pollination

9. E. Fruits
IF a plant has fruit, it is the mature _______ of that plant
ovary

10. F. Cones
IF a plant has cones, it is the female ______ of that plant
ovary

11. III. Plant Tissue Systems
A. Dermal Tissue = tissue that functions as the outer skin of a plant that _________ and protects the plant from the ____________
the outer surface of epidermal cells found in dermal tissue is covered in a waterproof waxy coat called the _______
supports
environment
cuticle

12. B. Vascular Tissue = specialized tissue divided into subsystems that moves ______ and nutrients throughout the plant
found in the innermost part of the _____
SUBSYSTEMS:
1. Xylem = specialized waterproof vascular tissue that moves ______ in a plant
water
plant
water

13. composed of long, thin ______ which allow the water to move by ________ action and ________
What waterproof nutrient would compose the building material of xylem cells? ______
tubes
capillary
cohesion
lipids

14. Transpiration = the release of water vapor from _______ through the ________
stomata
plants

16. 2. Phloem = specialized vascular tissue that moves food, minerals, and ________ in a plant
nutrients

17. C. Ground Tissue = specialized tissue found between _______ and ________ tissues within a plant
dermal
vascular

18. D. Meristimatic Tissue = specialized tissue near the bottom of a plant where new plant ______ are made
cells

19. IV Plant Cell Types
1. Parenchyma Cells = ground tissue cells that are mainly used for ________ and _______________
in leaves, these cells are where the ____________ are found
in roots and stems, these cells store ________ and other foods manufactured by photosynthesis or absorbed through the roots
storage
photosynthesis
chloroplasts
glucose

21. 2. Collenchyma Cells = ground tissue cells that are _______ and have semi-thick cell _____ used to support the plant
e.g.
3. Sclerenchyma Cells = ground tissue cells that are characterized by rigid, thick cell walls that _______ and support the plant
Where would you find more sclerenchyma cells, stems or leaves? ______
flexible
walls
celery strings
protect
stems

22. V. Plant Growth
A plant grows as more cells are added to the _____ and ______ of a plant
when new cells are added to the plant by ________, they are called __________
apical meristem = a group of meristems near the bottom of the _____
the apical meristem is considered an area of fragile new cells which the plant protects with a tough covering of cells known as the _____ cap
roots
stems
mitosis
meristems
root
root

24. V. Leaf Structure & Photosynthesis
The overall function of a leaf is to perform photosynthesis and provide the plant with needed nutrients. The structure of a plant enables it to perform this task:
blade = the broad, flat section of the ____ that collects sunlight
petiole = the thin stalk that connects the ______ to the ______
leaf
blade
stem

25. seed = IF a plant produces _______, the overall purpose is to protect the _________
seeds
embryo

26. A. Components of the Leaf 1
A. Components of the Leaf 1. Upper Epidermis – the upper outer layer of the leaf which can sometimes be coated with a waxy _______ used to protect the leaf
cuticle

27. 2. Mesophyll = specialized ground tissue within the leaf composed mainly of ____________ cells and the main site of _______________
palisade mesophyll = tightly packed mesophyll that mainly absorbs _____
spongy mesophyll = loosely packed tissue with mainly ____ spaces that connect to the outer part of the leaf
3. Vascular Tissue
parenchyma
photosynthesis
light
air
(xylem & phloem)

29. 4. Lower Epidermis – the under outer layer of the leaf composed of epidermal cells and stomata
stomata = pore like openings on the underside of the leaf which allow ____ into the leaf and _______ out of the leaf
guard cells = specialized cells that make up a stoma
when guard cells are open during the day _______________ can take place
when guard cells are closed at night, _______________ cannot take place
CO2
oxygen
photosynthesis
photosynthesis