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Electron Configuration
Mapping the electrons
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Electron Configuration
The way electrons are arranged around the nucleus.
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Quantum Mechanical Model
1920’s Werner Heisenberg (Uncertainty Principle) Erwin Schrodinger (mathematical equations using probability, quantum numbers)
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Heisenberg uncertainty principle
It is impossible to determine simultaneously both the position and velocity of an electron or any other particle with any great degree of accuracy or certainty.
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Erwin Schrodinger Formulated equation that describes behavior and energies of subatomic particles. Leads to Quantum Mechanics: we cannot pinpoint an electron in an atom but we can define the region where electrons can be in a particular time……… called a Probability map….a 3-dimensional area in space called an ORBITAL
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Principal Quantum Number, n
Indicates main energy levels n = 1, 2, 3, 4… Each main energy level has sub-levels
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Energy Sublevels s p d f
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The principle quantum number, n, determines the number of sublevels within the principle energy level.
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Orbital The space where there is a high probability that it is occupied by a pair of electrons. Orbitals are solutions of Schrodinger’s equations.
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Orbitals
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Orbitals in Sublevels Sublevel # Orbitals # electrons s 1 2 p 3 6
d f
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Three rules are used to build the electron configuration:
Aufbau principle Pauli Exclusion Principle Hund’s Rule
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Aufbau Principle Electrons occupy orbitals of lower energy first.
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Orbital Diagram
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Filling Order diagram
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-Pauli Exclusion Principle (Wolfgang Pauli, Austria, 1900-1958) -Electron Spin Quantum Number
An orbital can hold only two electrons and they must have opposite spin.
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Hund’s Rule In a set of orbitals, the electrons will fill the orbitals in a way that would give the maximum number of parallel spins (maximum number of unpaired electrons). Analogy: Students could fill each seat of a school bus, one person at a time, before doubling up.
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Orbital Diagram for Hydrogen
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Orbital Diagram for Helium
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Orbital Diagram for Lithium
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Orbital Diagram for Beryllium
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Orbital Diagram for Boron
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Orbital Diagram for Carbon
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Orbital Diagram for Nitrogen
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Orbital Diagram for Fluorine
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Standard Notation of Fluorine
Number of electrons in the sub level 2,2,5 1s2 2s2 2p5 Main Energy Level Numbers 1, 2, 2 Sublevels
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Sources
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