1. What is a Map?
A map is a representation of the Earth’s features drawn on a flat surface.
Maps use symbols and colours to represent features of an area, simplifying the real world.
A person who makes maps is called a cartographer.

2. Features on a Map (Essentials)
Title – identifies the area shown, topic, focus, or purpose of the map
Legend – explains the meaning of symbols and colours used on the map
Scale – represents the relationship between distance on the map and distance in the real world
Direction – often represented with an arrow
Border – sets the map apart from other information
Date of Publication (Name) – indicates how recent the map is and who created the map.

3. Map Title The TITLE should be within the MAP FRAME or BORDER
The TITLE should be at the TOP of the map when possible
The TITLE should NOT block out ANY of the map’s information
TITLE information should include, Where, What, and When

4. Legend All maps should have a LEGEND
The legend must be within a border in a place on a map that DOES NOT block other information or labels
The direction and scale CAN be in the legend box
The legend needs a border

5. Map Labeling & Colouring
Cartography is the art of drawing accurate, easily readable, attractive maps.
Labels
Should be neatly printed
Should be spelled correctly
Should be parallel to the base of the map (except for natural features such as rivers and mountain ranges)
A dot should be used to locate cities, with the name of the city as close to the dot as possible.

6. Map Labeling & Colouring
Labels (continued)
Larger features usually have larger labels
Labels for similar features should be the same size and font – for example:
Water Body (italics)
City
PROVINCE
C O U N T R Y
Labels should not block other information on the map

7. Map Labeling & Colouring
Maps should be properly colour coded to show the different areas on the map
Shade consistently so that there are no light or dark patches of one colour within one feature
Use solid colours only, not shading patterns
White or black are not acceptable shading colours
Grey should be used for areas not important to the map
Blue should only be used for water bodies

8. Scale
Scale shows the relationship between the distance on a map and the actual distance on the Earth’s surface
Direct Statement Scale uses words to describe what a distance on a map represents in the real world
1 cm = 10 kilometres
Linear Scale uses a special ruler on a map to show what a distance on a map represents in the real world
0 km 40 km
Representative Fraction Scale is a ratio where one unit on a map represents a specific number of the same unit in the real world
1: (1 cm on the map represents cm in the real world)

9. WHAT UNITS ARE YOU CONVERTING? AMOUNT TO MULTIPLY OR DIVIDE BY
cm to m
Divide
100
m to km
1,000
cm to km
100,000
m to cm
Multiply
km to m
km to cm

10. Direction Points on a Compass
A compass is a way of finding direction
The four cardinal points are N, E, S, W
The twelve ordinal points are NE, SE, SW, NW, NNE, ENE, ESE, SSE, SSW, WSW, WNW, NNW
The points all have corresponding degrees of a circle (0° → 360°)

11. Latitude and Longitude

12. Lines on the Earth Latitude
imaginary lines that measure the distance north or south of the Equator (0°)
lines are parallel to the Equator at regular intervals (approximately 111 kilometres apart)

13. Lines on the Earth Longitude
imaginary lines that measure the distance east or west of the Prime Meridian (0°)
all lines begin and end at the poles and therefore are not at a fixed distance apart
the Prime Meridian (0°) was arbitrarily chosen at a point that runs through Greenwich, England
the International Date Line (180°) is the point where one day begins and one day ends

14. Prime Meridian/International Date Line

15. Time Zones:What are They?
Based on the earth’s rotation from west to east every 24 hours
The earth passes through 3600 of longitude which equals 150 an hour.
The earth is divided into 24 time zones
Add hours travelling East
Subtract hours travelling West

16. International Date Line

17. The International Date Line
The Date Line is an imaginary line on the earth's surface, that approximately coincides with the 1800th meridian (LONGITUDE),
Separates the calendar date.
Traveling east across the line, takes the traveler back one day;
Traveling west, takes the traveler forward one day.
Without the date line, calendar confusion would result for the traveler.

18. The International Date Line
WHAT IS IT?
The area where east and west time
zones meet
Where the day of the week is decided
WHY IS IT NEEDED?
When sailors were traveling around the
World ,they returned home either a day
ahead or a day behind those people
who stayed
WHERE IS IT NEEDED?
It runs along 1800 longitude, in the Pacific
Ocean
Zig Zags to avoid islands