1. DNA- The Genetic Material
Why should I care about DNA?
DNA stores the information that tells cells which _______ to make
Your proteins give you your
_________________________
Your DNA is _____________from
everyone else’s DNA on earth

2. Does DNA have anything to do with why I am so special?
_______, it’s the variability of DNA that makes us all different!

3. Who Discovered the Structure of DNA?
___________________________ discovered the structure of DNA after observing an X-ray picture of it taken by ___________________________

4. The Structure of DNA DNA is composed of __ connected
________________________
________________ backbone, with
_____________ in the middle
4 Bases
Adenine Guanine
Cytosine Thymine
Bases complement one another
___ bonds to ___, ___bonds to ___
(bases bond together by ___________ bonds)
The two strands are _____________ together

5. Structure of DNA

6. Additional DNA Facts Shape of DNA is a ____________ (a Twisted Ladder)
Sugar in DNA = _________________
1 base + 1 phosphate + 1 sugar = _______________
Nucleotide
Deoxyribose

7. DNA Replication Why does DNA replicate?
Cells get ___________, new cells must be ________
New cells must make _____________ of themselves
Copies of replicated genes can be passed on to ________________

8. How is DNA Replicated?
_______________ breaks hydrogen bonds in the middle of the strand, creating a ______________
Unpaired bases form new bonds with free _______________ in the cell
New strand is rewound together by_________
_____________, creating 2 identical DNA molecules
Sometimes replication errors make a __________ (A
bonds to a G); DNA polymerase usually proofreads
the strand
There are ______________ bases in the average cell
Takes about 4 hours for a cell to replicate its DNA

9. DNA Replication

10. DNA Replication

11. Transcription DNA is the material used to make ______________
DNA is located in the _____________ of the cell
Proteins are made in structures called _________________, in the cytoplasm of the cell
DNA _________________ leave the nucleus of the cell because it is double stranded

12. Transcription
Mr. DelPrato I am afraid for the DNA, it can’t get to the ribosome! What I am to do?
Relax, _______ is the key!

13. What is RNA? A nucleic acid that is _________________
_______________ is the sugar
Instead of thymine, _________________
_________________ stranded

14. Steps of Transcription
DNA strand ___________________________
2. Free nucleotides bond to bases, except ____ in RNA bonds to _______ from DNA
3. _______________________________ joins single stranded RNA together
4.________________________ moves to the ribosome in the cytoplasm (or on the Rough ER)

15. Transcription
2 Models of Transcription

16. Transcription Animation of Transcription!

17. Translation (Protein Synthesis)
What is protein synthesis?
The Conversion of RNA to
____________, which make up
proteins
Why is it called translation?
The genetic code (ATCG) is
_______________________
Where does it occur?
At the ____________________________
Globular Protein found in Human Blood (serum albumin)

18. How Does it Happen? 1. Initiation A. Ribosome _______________ to mRNA
B. tRNA brings _____________ and AA to ribosome
2. Elongation
A. More tRNA’s bring more ____________________
B. AA’s connected together to make ____________
3. Termination
A. Ribosome reaches a _______________________
B. Polypeptide (_____________) is broken off and becomes part of the ______________________
C. Golgi apparatus ______________ completed protein; ER ________________ it in/out of cell

19. Translation- The Movie

20. Translation Animation Part 2!

21. The processes of transcription and translation are the same in all living organisms!
Blue Whale
Tarantula

23. Gene Mutations
Definition - a _________________________of bases within a gene
Causes –
Mutations can be spontaneous or caused by environmental influences called _____________.
Mutagens include radiation (X-rays, UV radiation), and organic chemicals (in cigarette smoke and pesticides).

24. Types of Mutations
Frameshift mutations –
one or more bases are ________________from a sequence of DNA
can result in nonfunctional proteins
can result in no protein at all – stop codon where there shouldn’t be one
Point mutations (3 Types) –
One base is __________________ for another
May result in change of amino acid sequence
May not affect protein at all

25. Types of point mutations
Types of point mutations
1. Silent mutation - the change in the codon results in the ____________________________
Ex: UAU  UAC both code for tyrosine
2. Nonsense mutation - a codon is changed to a ________
_______________; resulting protein may be too short to function
Ex: UAC  UAG (a stop codon)

26. 3. Missense mutation - involves the substitution of a ______________________, the result may be a protein that cannot reach its final shape
Ex: Hbs which causes sickle-cell disease

27. Repair of Mutations
DNA polymerase ______________________against the old strand and detects mismatched pairs, reducing mistakes to one in a billion nucleotide pairs replicated.
If errors occur in sex cells – mutation may be passed onto offspring
If errors occur in body cells - cancer may result