1. Forces That Build Our Landscape
Volcanic Activity
Folding
Faulting
Erosion

2. Volcanic Activity
can range from emission of gasses, non-explosive lava emissions, to extremely violent & explosive bursts that last between a few hours to several days

3. Volcanic Activity (cont’d)
occurs when there is a sudden or continuing release of energy by surface or near-surface magma movement (could be an earthquake, gas emission, release of heat, explosive release of gases or a non-explosive extrusion or intrusion of magma
can be destructive (if there are buildings, roads or agricultural land) or non-destructive

4. Folding
enormous pressure causes the earth to buckle, and ‘fold’ (bending of the earth’s layers) - this is how mountains are formed! ex. the Canadian Rockies

5. Faulting
cracks forming in the earth’s crust; movement along a crack or ‘fault’
this is how great valleys are formed! ex. the Ottawa Valley

6. Erosion
the wearing away of the earth’s surface, followed by the movement to other locations of materials that have worn away
caused by wind, rain running water, glaciers, temperature changes, and chemical reactions

7. Erosion (cont’d)
You can see this effect on cliff-sides along the sea, where the wind and water have eroded the land, and interesting formations of rock are left behind, especially on Canada’s East Coast!

8. Sources
Clark, Bruce W., and John K. Wallace. Making Connections: Canada's Geography. Toronto: Prentice Hall,
Fisher, Richard V. "Volcanic Activity and Eruptions." University of California at Santa Barbara. Accessed March 21,
Image 1: (Volcanic emission of gas)
Image 2: (Volcanic eruption - magma)
Image 3: (the Canadian Rockies)
Image 4: (Ottawa Valley)
Image 5: (P.E.I. elephant rock)