1. Ch. 4 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals

2. Carolus Linnaeus ( )
Taxonomy

3. Ernst Haeckel ( )
Evolutionary Tree

4. Hierarchical System Classification
Taxa & Taxonomic Ranks
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Binomial Nomenclature
species

5. Binomial Nomenclature
Genus
species
Cupelopagis vorax
Homo sapiens

6. What is a Species? 1. Common descent 2. The smallest distinct grouping
3. Reproductive community

7. What is a Species? Typological Species Concept
Biological Species Concept
Evolutionary Species Concept
Cohesion Species Concept
Phylogenetic Species Concept

8. Phylogenetic Systematics
The evolutionary relationships among species
Species 4
speciation
Species 2
Species 5
Species 1
(ancestral sp)
speciation
Species 6
Species 3
speciation
Species 7

9. Taxonomic Characters and Reconstruction of Phylogeny
Homology

10. Using Character Variation to Reconstruct Phylogeny
Ancestral Character State
Derived Character States

11. Constructing a Phylogeny
the polarity of a variable character

12. Constructing a Phylogeny
Identify the outgroup

13. Constructing a Phylogeny

14. Constructing a Phylogeny
Clade
Synapomorphies

15. Constructing a Phylogeny
Cladogram

16. Sources of Phylogenetic Information
Comparative morphology
Comparative biochemistry
Comparative cytology

17. Phyletic Relationships
Monophyletic

18. Phyletic Relationships
Paraphyletic

19. Phyletic Relationships
Polyphyletic

20. SYSTEMATICS The study of phylogenetic relationships among species
Conservation of species
Tracing the origin and spread of disease
Understanding how traits have evolved and the process of evolution

21. Major Divisions of Life
Aristotle’s 2 Kingdom System
3 Kingdom System
Whittaker’s 5 Kingdom System
3 Monophyletic Domains
Eucarya
Bacteria
Archaea