1. Thermal Expansion and Contraction
Science 10

2. Thermal Expansion and contraction
Temperature- the average amount of kinetic energy (energy of motion) in an object
Thermal expansion- when an object is heated, molecules move further apart due to their increased kinetic energy.
Heated objects EXPAND- volume gets larger

3. Thermal contraction- when an object cools, molecules move closer together due to their decreased kinetic energy. Cooled objects CONTRACT- volume gets smaller
You see this in action when reading a thermometer, adjusting a thermostat, or watching the weather report.

4. IMPORTANT:
Solids, liquids and gases all show thermal expansion/contraction, but gases expand/contract the most.
Thermal expansion is a CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTY of solids and liquids- this means solids/liquids expand differently; depending on what material they are made of.

5. All gases expand and contract equally, regardless of what they are, so thermal expansion is NOT a characteristic property of gasses.
Charles’ Law : At constant pressure, when temperature increases, volume increases; when temperature decreases, volume decreases. ( direct proportion)

6. Thermal contraction/expansion in weather
Air pressure: weight of air molecules
Low air pressure: less air molecules, less dense-warm air
High air pressure: more air molecules, more dense-cold air
High pressure air masses move to areas of low pressure (molecules always move from more crowded areas to less crowded areas)

7. Thermal Expansion:
When an object ‘s kinetic energy (temperature) increases, the molecules move more rapidly. This causes them to spread apart and the object expands (volume increases).
Thermal Contraction:
When an object‘s kinetic energy (temperature) decreases, the molecules move less rapidly. This causes them to move closer together and the object contracts (volume decreases).

8. Objects expand when heated and shrink when cooled
How does this impact density?
When an object is heated, its density …
When an object is cooled, its density….
Do all states of matter show equal amounts of thermal expansion/contraction?
NO !

9. SOLIDS:
Thermal expansion is why sidewalks have spaces between sections- so they can expand or contract with changes in temperature.

10. LIQUIDS:
Think of an example of how
we use thermal expansion
of a liquid in an everyday object.
A thermometer works by calibrating the scale on the expansion and contraction of the alcohol in the tube.
Do you think you could fill an alcohol thermometer with mercury and still have it measure temperature accurately?

11. A rising environmental concern is the warming of the ocean
A rising environmental concern is the warming of the ocean. If the temperature of the ocean rose 1° C, average sea level would rise about a foot due to thermal expansion. This would move the shore line up about 20 feet!

12. GASSES:
Gasses show the greatest thermal expansion and contraction. Why?
We see the concept of gasses and thermal expansion and contraction every night on the news.
Where?
Weather!

13. Cold air masses are MORE dense (causing high air pressure)
Warm air masses are LESS dense (causing low air pressure).
When a cold air mass meets a warm air mass- what do you think happens?

14. Wind and Ocean Currents
Science 10

15. A Little Background …
Atmospheric Pressure is the pressure the air exerts as gravity pulls it towards the earth’s surface.
Atmospheric pressure is measured using a barometer.
Since air molecules are so spread out (lots of empty space), we don’t feel the pressure that they exert.
Differences in air pressure help cause winds and affect air masses. They are also factors in the formation of storms such as thunderstorms, tornadoes and hurricanes.

16. Neat Fact
The weight of the air that is pushing down on your shoulders at any given time is equivalent to 1 ton, or about the weight of a fully grown rhino.

17. What is Wind? Wind is a movement of air in the atmosphere.
How Wind Develops
Wind is caused by a difference in air pressure due to unequal heating of the atmosphere.
Question: Where on the planet does the surface get heated more than other areas?...
At the Earth’s surface, wind always blows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.
Wind needs to blow away from high pressure systems towards low pressure areas; as air moves into a low pressure area it pushes the air upwards

18. How are Winds Created?
Winds are created by…. 1. Heating the air, decreases pressure (warm air rises creating a low pressure) ↓ 2. Cool air rushes into replace the warm air (cooler dense air, produces high pressure) 3. As air goes from high to low pressure winds form.
High pressure is due to close air molecules (cooler air) – keep in mind that cooler is relative, it only has to be cooler than the air its replacing – constant motion
Wind is caused by differences in air pressure; the greater the difference, the stronger the wind

19. How are Winds Created?
This is a CONVECTION style… Convection Current Demo Time!!
WowXtuvA
High pressure is due to close air molecules (cooler air) – keep in mind that cooler is relative, it only has to be cooler than the air its replacing – constant motion
Wind is caused by differences in air pressure; the greater the difference, the stronger the wind

20. Classifying Winds Localized winds are winds affect only small areas.
Types of Local Winds
Sea Breezes- from sea to land
Land Breezes- from land to sea
Prevailing winds are winds that affect large areas.
They affect weather around the globe.

21. Causes of Prevailing Winds
Prevailing Winds are caused by a combination of convection currents and the Earth’s eastward rotation.
Air at the equator is warmed and rises, forming a convection current called the equatorial convection current. This wind moves northward and begins to cool.

23. The Coriolis Effect
Earth’s rotation causes anything that moves LONG DISTANCES, such as prevailing winds, to APPEAR to change directions.
The apparent change in direction of a moving object in a rotating system is called the CORIOLIS EFFECT.
video
Video2

24. Coriolis cont…
This is evident on the Earth because as Earth rotates eastward, an object travelling from north to south will appear to move to the right.
In the southern hemisphere objects moving from the pole appear to move to the left.
The Coriolis effect is more predominant closer to the poles.

27. Prevailing Wind Terms:
Polar easterlies – occur between 60 degrees latitude and the poles and moves east to west.
Mid-latitude westerlies – occurs between 30 degrees and 60 degrees latitude and move from west to east
Northeast trade winds – occur just north of the equator and move east to west.
Southeast trade winds – occur just south of the equator and move east to west.

28. Effects of Prevailing Winds
Help distribute large amounts of solar energy from the equator to the colder parts of the world.
Prevailing winds also carry moisture, causing a variety of precipitation (snow, rain, etc…)

29. Ocean Currents

30. Ocean Currents
Ocean Currents are a mass movement or flow of ocean water.
Currents are like a river within the ocean.
The reason Norway and Iceland have mild winters is due to ocean currents.
Two types
Surface and Deep

31. Surface Current
Surface Currents are horizontal, stream- like movements of water that occur at or near the surface of the ocean.
Can reach depths of several hundred meters.
Surface Current Animation

32. Red current = warm current
Blue current = cold current
Surface currents flow in a circular pattern
Northern Hemisphere flows clockwise
Southern Hemisphere flows counter-clockwise
Poles flow in opposite direction
Notice that the warm currents flow from the equator

33. Surface Currents Controlled by three factors:
Prevailing winds = Cause surface currents to flow in the direction the wind is blowing (top 400 m)
Coriolis Effect
Continental Deflections = shape of the land it flows up against.

34. Deep Currents
Deep Currents are a stream-like movement of ocean water far below the surface.
Caused by changes in density
This change in density is the result of changing temperature and salinity (saltiness)

35. Causes, in-depth ;) Change in temperature
Decreasing the temperature (it’s colder) of water increases density (water sinks)
Change in salinity
Increasing the salinity of water increases density (again, making water sink)
Salinity increases because when water at the poles freezes, the salt doesn’t freeze so it’s left behind and sinks to the ocean floor and is replaced by new water (hence the current)

36. Causes, in-depth ;)
Both TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY causes warmer less dense water from the equator to move and to be replaced (water will always want to be level and that is why the water that leaves gets replaced)
The Pic on the next page does a good job explaining this phenomena…