1. Ocean Layers

2. Thermocline & halocline
Thermocline is a vertical line that represents temperature versus ocean depth
Halocline is a vertical line that represents salinity levels versus ocean depth
Pycnocline is a vertical line that represents density levels versus ocean depth
Draw 3 different layers of the ocean and label them.
Mixed Layer
Thermocline
Deep Layer

3. Thermocline
Factors that affect a thermocline:
Seasons
Latitude

4. Halocline
Factors that affect a halocline:
Evaporation
Precipitation

5. pycnocline
Factors that affect a pycnocline:
Temperature
Salinity

6. Temperature is often the dominant factor over salinity in determining ocean layers.

9. Ocean motion

10. Ice cube lab Freshwater Cup
As the ice cube melts, the cold melt water from the ice cube sinks to the bottom of the cup forcing the water from the bottom of the cup to move toward the surface which transfers its heat to the ice cube, causing it to melt faster.

11. Ice cube lab Salt Water Cup
Meanwhile in the saltwater, the cold freshwater from the ice cube floats on top of the saltwater. Thus the ice cube sits in a pool of cold water, blocking the heat from the saltwater from getting to the ice cube.
Salt Water Cup

12. Ice cube lab Why is this important:
It demonstrates the layers of the ocean.
It demonstrates deep water ocean circulation with convection currents

13. Deep water currents
Cold dense currents at the bottom of the ocean that move as a result of density differences.

14. Surface water currents
Currents that move near the surface of the ocean driven by the wind.
Controlled by:
Air currents
Coriolis
Location of continents

15. waves Most ocean waves are caused by winds.
A wave is the transfer of energy through matter.
Ocean waves transfer kinetic energy from wind to water.
The energy of a wave may travel for thousands of miles. However, the water itself moves very little.

16. tides
Tides are changes in the rise and fall of sea level caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun.
They occur all around the globe.
High tides occur when the water reaches its highest level.
Low tides occur when the water reaches its lowest level.

17. Tsunamis
Giant seismic waves causes by underwater earthquakes.

18. upwelling Upwelling is when deep ocean water rises to the surface.
Strong winds blow surface water away from shore allowing deep water to rise up bringing nutrients with it and feeding the fish in the surface layers.