1. Nationalism
Nationalists: people who believe that people of a single “nationality” should be one government
Goal of Nationalists? Create a NATION-STATE
Bonds that create a nation-state? Nationality, Language, Culture, Religion, History, and Territory

2. German & Italian Unification

3. German Nationalism
The Rise of Prussia

4.
German speaking people lived in small states & Prussia & Austrian Hapsburg Empire
Napoleon raided German-speaking lands and annexed land along the Rhine River for France, dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, organized a number of German states into the Rhine Confederation

5. 1815
Congress of Vienna
Germans called for a unified Germany but Austrian Prince Clemons von Metternich (oversaw the negotiations) said they would have to dismantle all the German governments from each state
Created the German Confederation which was a weak alliance headed by Austria

7. 1862
Otto von Bismarck
Prussian Prime Minister who became the Chancellor transformed Germany from a loose confederation of separate states into a powerful empire.

8. Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck
King Wilhelm I
Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck

9. Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) Prime minister of Prussia 1862-1890
“The Iron Chancellor ”
“ The less people know about how laws and sausages are made, the better they’ll sleep at night”

10. Iron Chancellor
Bismarck wanted to keep France isolated & build strong links with Austria & Prussia

11. Bismarck used the theory of realpolitik to keep power
“Politics of reality”
Tough power politics, no room for idealism

12. War
Bismarck built the military in hopes of creating strong foreign policies
Bismarck forms an alliance with Austria and together they invade Denmark and divide the land
Brief fight – Three months
Denmark gives up Schleswig & Holstein

14. War
Bismarck built the military in hopes of creating strong foreign policies
1866 – Austro-Prussian War (Prussia made up an excuse to invade), lasted 7 weeks and Prussia took control of Austria
Also known as Seven Weeks War
Prussian advantages
Railroads (better transportation system)
Telegraphs (better communication)
Modern weaponry (better army)

15. War
Bismarck built the military in hopes of creating strong foreign policies
1870 – Franco-Prussian War – Napoleon III hoped to mask problems at home with a military defeat
Bismarck edited a telegram between King William I & a French ambassador seeming that William insulted Frenchman & Napoleon invaded but France was defeated in weeks

18. South German states & North German
Confederation convinced William I of Prussia
to take the title of Kaiser and called this the
Second Reich

20. Bismarck writes a Constitution
Two Legislative Houses
Bundesrat = upper house, appointed by rulers of German States
Reichstag = lower house, elected by universal male suffrage
Bundesrat count veto the Reichstag so the power was still with the Emperor & Chancellor
THINK ABOUT:
What was the problem with the two houses?

21. Kaiser William II Succeeded grandfather
1890 – asked Bismarck to resign
Created programs that provided social welfare
Cheap transportation & electricity
Public schools – obedience to emperor then reading, writing & mathematics
Funding to continue to build the already strongest military

23. The Unification of Italy
The great monument to the unification of Italy and the first king of Italy, Vittorio Emmanuele II

24. Early 1800’s
Italy was divided into numerous states and kingdoms
People were loyal to local regions

25. Congress of Vienna
Metternich would not even consider uniting Italy

26. Austria= Northern Italy Hapsburgs= Various Italian States
Divisions
Austria= Northern Italy
Hapsburgs= Various Italian States
French Bourbons = Naples and Sicily

29. Reasons for Unification:
Desire for economic growth
American and French Revolutions—inspiration
Nationalism/Pride

30.
Secret Patriotic Societies tried to get Austria forced out but Austria crushed each rebellion

31. Important People Giuseppe Mazzini Victor Emanuel Camilio di Cavour
Giuseppe Garibaldi

32. pride of the Roman Empire Goal
Giuseppe Mazzini 1830’s
Founded “Young Italy”
Reminded people of the
pride of the Roman Empire
Goal
Constitute a one, free, independent republican Italy
FAILED

33. Victor Emanuel
Appointed Count Camillo Cavour as Prime Minister in 1852

34. Believes in Realpolitik
Camilio di Cavour
Prime Minister who helped unification through practical aspects
Army
Industry
Believes in Realpolitik

35. 1855 – Sardinia, Britain & France fight Russia
1858 – Cavour makes secret deal with Napoleon promising to protect them if Austria invaded
Cavour provoked Austria to invade so France would help annex Lombardy

36. Kingdom of Sardinia
The leading state in Italian unification.

37. Giuseppe Garibaldi Founded the Red Shirts, a militia for unification.
Garibaldi won the southern states of Italy and gave them to Victor Emanuel, in 1861.
Italy was finally unified in 1870 when Venetia and then Rome and the Papal States were added.

38. Constitutional monarch
Victor Emanuel
1861 – Victor Emanuel II was crowned the King of Italy
Constitutional monarch

41. The great monument to the unification of Italy and the first king of Italy, Vittorio Emmanuele II, 1870.