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FAB Classification of ALL
The FAB Classification relies on morphology, dividing blasts into L1, L2 and L3 by their appearance. These are derived from immunophenotypically distinct mature B cells. L1 L2 L3 Small Larger & Small Large Almost no cytoplasm About 20% cytoplasm Basophilic Cytoplasm Cytoplasmic vacuolization Round to cleaved nucleoli Perinuclear chromatin More prominent nucleoli
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Blood and bone marrow, Brain, Spinal cord, Testicles
The leukemia may Relapse in the Blood and bone marrow, Brain, Spinal cord, Testicles or in other parts of the body.
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Complications of acute leukemia (ALL):
-Tumor lysis syndrome -Renal failure -Sepsis -Bleeding -Thrombosis -Typhlitis -Neuropathy -Encephalopathy ( CNS Involvment ) -Seizures -Secondary malignancy -Short stature (if craniospinal radiation) -Growth hormone deficiency
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Prior to the introduction
of total therapy for ALL, about 70% of children, without CNS prophelaxies, developed symptomatic involvement.
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Lumbar puncture with cytospin morphologic analysis:
This is performed before systemic chemotherapy is administered to assess the presence of CNS involvement and to administer intrathecal chemotherapy.
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Central nervous system (CNS) therapy is usually given during each phase of therapy. Because chemotherapy that is given by mouth or injected into a vein may not reach leukemia cells in the CNS (brain and spinal cord) - Intrathecal chemotherapy and - Radiation therapy are able to reach leukemia cells in the CNS and are given to kill the leukemia cells and prevent the cancer from recurring ( CNS prophylaxis ).
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1-Increased CSF pressure. 2-Elevated level of CSF protein.
Cerebrospinal sign in CNS Involvment with ALL 1-Increased CSF pressure. 2-Elevated level of CSF protein. 3-Decreased glucose value. 4-Pleocytosis ( 5 or moe cellr/ul of CSF).
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This incidence has been reduced
to under 12% with appropriate CNS prophelaxy . approximately 5% of patients present with an initial diagnosis of meningeal leukemia.
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Cranial irradiation effectively prevents overt CNS relapse
Cranial irradiation effectively prevents overt CNS relapse. Complication: -Neurotoxicity -Brain tumors Cranial irradiation is necessary for patients with very high-risk. Intrathecal and systemic chemotherapy for most patients has produced excellent results, (with CNS relapse rates of % in most studies.)
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If CNS disease is present,
Cranial irradiation and intrathecal chemotherapy may be given. sign and Symptome: -Headach -Lethargy, -anorexia,and Vomating -EEG changes, -CNS pleocytosis, -Fever. -Bradicardy.
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CNS prophylaxis: Radiation therapy may be used to treat childhood ALL that may spread, to the brain and spinal cord.
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مشخصاات بيماران و نتائج
. بود ALL تعداد كل بيماران 173 مورد تعداد موارد عود يا گرفتاري مغزي نخاعي 24 مورد. سن بيماران بين 3 تا 18 سال و ميانگين 12 سال. جنس بيماران 13 نفر پسر و 11 نفر دختر بود. ( 14 %)
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نتائج مطالعه نتائج مطالعه تعداد و درصد بيماران دچار عود مغزي نخاعي بر حسب گروه سني 6 و 12 و 18 سال جمع كل 13-18 7-12 كمتر از6سال مشخصات 173 81 70 22 تعداد كل بيماران 24 12 11 1 CNS-Relaps 14% 17% 5/16% 5/4% درصد
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نتائج 1 مورد 3 مورد 6 مورد 7 مورد
تعداد بيماران دچار عود مغزي نخاعي بر حسب فاصله زماني از آغاز درمان نگهدارنده تا 42 ماه تا 36 ماه تا 30 ماه تا 24 ماه تا 18 ماه تا 12 ماه 6ماه اول زمان ماه ------ 1 مورد 3 مورد 6 مورد 7 مورد تعداد موارد عود
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در بررسي آماري نتائج ذيل بدست آمد:
در بررسي آماري نتائج ذيل بدست آمد: 1- عود مغزي نخاعي در لوسمي لنفوبلاستيك حاد در جنس مؤنث بيشتر از (p=0.0001) جنس مذكراست 2- عود مغزي نخاعي در گروه سني بالاتر از 6 سال بيشتر است. 3- در بيمارانيكه تعداد لكوسيتها ( لنفوبلاستها) در شروع بيماري بالاتري (P=0.0001) داشتند بروز اين عارضه بيشتر بود . 4- در بيمارانيكه علائم نارسائي مغز استخوان در شروع درمان داشتند عود مغزي نخاعي بيشتر است. 5- شايعترين علامت عود مغزي نخاعي لوسمي لنفوبلاستيك حاد سردرد مقاوم به درمانهاي معمولي است(100%) 6- عود مغري نخاعي لوسمي لنفوبلاستيك حاد بيشتر در 5/1 سال اول آغاز درمان نگهدارنده بوجود مي آيد. (Type II7-بروز عارضه عود مغزي نخاعي در لوسمي لنفوبلاستيك نوع( P= با نسبت 82 به 6 درصد است ( (Type I) بيشتر از نوع
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