1. Plant Physiology

2. Transpiration
The evaporation of water through plant leaves and stems (usually through the stomata)
It cools the plant and by moving water maintains the flow of nutrients and manufactured food from the root to the top and back

3. Transpiration Plants transpire more when:
The soil has adequate moisture,
When windy and hot
When humidity is low
Water movement in plants is pulled up by the forces of cohesion and adhesion not pushed up by the roots

4. Photosynthesis
Center of leaf are food-making cells that contain chloroplasts
The green color comes from chlorophyll
These cells manufacture food
The process by which carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light energy are converted to sugar and oxygen

5. Photosynthesis
The beginning of the food chain for ALL living things on earth
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy= C6H12O6 + 6O2
carbon dioxide+water+light energy= glucose(sugar)+ oxygen

6. How Does Photosynthesis Work?
•Chlorophyll uses the energy to split water molecules, H2O, during the first phase of the photosynthetic reaction.
•Oxygen atoms from water molecules bond to form O2. The O2 escapes through the stomata into the atmosphere.
•Hydrogen atoms from the water molecule are incorporated into sugar molecules as the process continues in CO2 fixation.

7. How Does Photosynthesis Work?
•During the CO2 fixation phase of the photosynthetic reaction, energy in the form of ATP and NADPH is used to form sugars.
•Carbon dioxide enters through the stomata and is available to the chlorophyll in the cells.

8. How Does Photosynthesis Work?
•The CO2 combines with hydrogen from the water molecule.
•Two forms of sugar, glucose and fructose (C6H12O6), are assembled.
•Although they both have the same formula, the molecular structures differ.

9. How Does Photosynthesis Work?
•Glucose and fructose fuel plant growth.
•They are the source of energy for the plant’s life processes.
•All live cells in the plant benefit as the sugars are transported through the phloem to the rest of the plant.
•The simple sugars can also be combined to form a more complex sugar: sucrose (C12H22O11).

10. How Does Photosynthesis Work?
•The sugar molecules may be processed further to form starch and cellulose.
•These are huge molecules, resulting from the bonding of thousands of glucose molecules.
•Starch serves as the principle way in which food is stored for plants.
•When needed, it is easily broken down into glucose or converted into other plant products by plant enzymes.

11. How Does Photosynthesis Work?
•The cellulose is applied to cell walls for strength and rigidity.
•Once sugars are converted to cellulose, they are not reclaimed for other purposes.

12. Respiration Plants respire 24 hours a day just as animals do
In this process they consume oxygen and give off carbon dioxide
Roots, stems and leaves all use oxygen as they grow

13. C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H20 6CO2 + 12H20 + Energy (ATP)
Respiration
Plants produce more oxygen through photosynthesis than they consume through respiration and growth processes
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H20 6CO2 + 12H20 + Energy (ATP)

14. How Does Respiration Work?
•Cellular respiration involves sugars produced in the photosynthetic process along with oxygen and water.
•In the reaction, chemical energy is released when the molecular bonds of the sugar molecules are broken in combination with oxygen gas.

15. How Does Respiration Work?
•The extracted energy, ATP, drives a variety of chemical reactions in the cell.
•By-products of the reaction include carbon dioxide and water.
•Water and carbon dioxide are released, as is all of the energy that was contained in the bonds of the glucose molecule.

16. Photosynthesis VS Respiration
Food manufactured
Sun’s energy is used
Carbon dioxide used by plant
Oxygen given off
Complex compounds form
Produces sugars and starches
Requires light
Chlorophyll must be present
Food consumed
Energy is released
Carbon dioxide given off
Oxygen is used
Simple compounds form
Produces carbon dioxide and water
Goes on day and night
Carried on in all cells