1. Motivation, Emotion and Stress
AP Psychology
Motivation, Emotion and Stress
Essential Task: Essential Task:  Describe classic research findings in specific motivation systems (e.g., thirst, eating, sex, social).
Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B= Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184
Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

2. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory
Motivation & Emotion
Stress
Sources
Measures
Theories
Effects
Coping
Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Drive Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Intrinsic/
Extrinsic Motivation
Human Drives
Theories of Emotion
James-Lange
Cognitive Appraisal
Schachter two-factor
Cannon-Bard
Opponent Process
We are here
Explain complex motives (eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

3. Essential Task:
Outline
Motivation Systems
Thirst
Hunger

4. Thirst Biology of Thirst Monitor the level of fluids inside the cells
When levels drop thirst drive is activated
Another monitors level of fluids outside the cells causing less blood to flow to the kidneys
This in turn causes the activation of the thirst drive
Environmental cues

5. The Biology of Hunger
Stomach contractions (pangs) send signals to the brain making us aware of our hunger.
OBJECTIVE 6| Describe the physiological determinants of hunger.

6. Stomachs Removed
Tsang (1938) removed rat stomachs, connected the esophagus to the small intestines, and the rats still felt hungry (and ate food).

7. Glucose: C6H12O6
The glucose level in blood is maintained by your pancreas. Insulin decreases glucose in the blood; when the level gets too low, we feel hungry.
Glucose Molecule

8. Glucose & the Brain
Levels of glucose in the blood are monitored by receptors (neurons) in the stomach, liver, and intestines. They send signals to the hypothalamus in the brain.
Rat Hypothalamus

9. Hypothalamic Centers
The lateral hypothalamus (LH) brings on hunger (when stimulated lab animals ate).
Destroy the LH, and the animal has no interest in eating.
The reduction of blood glucose stimulates orexin in the LH, which leads one to eat

10. Hypothalamic Centers
The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) depresses hunger (satiety)
Destroy the VMH, and the animal eats excessively.
Richard Howard

11. Leptin Fat cells in our body produce leptin
Hypothalamus monitors these levels
High levels of leptin signal the brain to reduce appetite or increase the rate at which fat is burned
Leptin deficiency can cause obesity

12. The Psychology of Hunger
Environmental cues can trigger the biological responses (increased insulin production)
Memory plays an important role in hunger. Due to difficulties with retention, amnesia patients eat frequently if given food (Rodin et al., 1998).
Emotional attachment?
Social expectations
Conditioning
OBJECTIVE 7| Discuss psychological and cultural influences on hunger.

13. Taste Preference: Biology or Culture?
Body chemistry and environmental factors influence not only how much or when we feel hunger but what we feel hungry for!
Richard Olsenius/ Black Star
Victor Englebert

14. Hotter Cultures like Hotter Spices
Countries with hot climates use more bacteria-inhibiting spices in meat dishes.

15. Summary

16. Diet Industry
$20 Billion dollar a year industry (including diet books, diet drugs and weight-loss surgeries.)
85% of customers are females
Failure rate in the 90th percentile

17. Set-Point Theory
According to the set-point theory, there is a control system built into every person dictating how much fat he or she should carry – a kind of thermostat for body fat.
Some individuals have a high setting, others have a low one.
According to this theory, body fat percentage and bodyweight are matters of internal controls that are set differently in different people.

18. How to Change the Set Point
Dieting does nothing
Dieting research demonstrates that the body has more than one way to defend its fat stores.
Long-term caloric deprivation, in a way that is not clear, acts as a signal for the body to turn down its metabolic rate.
The body reacts to stringent dieting as though famine has set in. Within a day or two after semi-starvation begins, the metabolic machinery shifts to a cautious regimen designed to conserve the calories it already has on board. Because of this innate biological response, dieting becomes progressively less effective,
A plateau is reached at which further weight loss seems all but impossible.

19. Can You Change the Set Point?
The ideal approach to weight control would be a safe method that lowers or raises the set point rather than simply resisting it.
So far no one knows for sure how to change the set point, but some theories exist
regular exercise is the most promising as a sustained increase in physical activity seems to lower the setting

20. Messing with Set-Point
Studies show that a person’s weight at the set point is optimal for efficient activity and a stable, optimistic mood.
When the set point is driven too low, depression and lethargy may set in as a way of slowing the person down and reducing the number of calories expended.

21. Sexual Motivation
Sex
a physiologically based motive (testosterone, limbic system, pheromones)
BUT it is more affected by learning and values

22. Sexual Motivation
Same drives, different attitudes

23. Sexual Motivation
Births to unwed parents

24. Contrast Effect
When partners view pictures of ‘idealized individuals’ (genetically rare, plastic surgery enhanced, Photoshopped) they rate their own partners less positively.
In an even more disturbing study, men reported lower levels of LOVE and COMMITMENT to their current partners after viewing Playboy centerfolds