1. Lecture 13 Logistics Last lecture Today HW4 up, due on Wednesday PLDs
Multilevel logic
Timing diagrams
Hazards 13

2. The “WHY” slide Multilevel logic Timing diagram Hazards
So far we talked about 2 level logic gate structure. But we can often express logic in many different ways and more levels than 2. Turns out expressing it in many levels could simplify circuit for the cost of slower processing time. If you want smaller circuits over speed, this is great to know.
Timing diagram
Real gates have real delays and it is good to learn how to plot the information with respect to time.
Hazards
Different delays can cause some output to get glitches. If these glitches are used in the next level of calculation, it could cause mis-calculation. It is good to know when that happens and how to fix it. 13

3. Multilevel logic Basic idea: Simplify logic using >2 gate levels
Time–space (speed versus gate count) tradeoff
Will talk about the speed issue with timing diagram
Two-level logic usually
Has smaller delays (faster circuits)
more gates and more wires (more circuit area)
Multilevel logic usually
Has fewer gates (smaller circuits)
more gate delays (slower circuits) 13

4. Multilevel logic example
Function X
SOP: X = ADF + AEF + BDF + BEF + CDF + CEF + G
X is minimized!
Six 3-input ANDs; one 7-input OR; 26 wires
Multilevel: X = (A+B+C)(D+E)F + G
Factored form
One 3-input OR, two 2-input OR's, one 3-input AND; 11 wires
3-level circuit
X = (A+B+C)(D+E)F + G A
B C
D E F G X 13

5. Multilevel NAND/NAND conversion
F = A(B+CD) + BC'
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 A C D B C' F
original
AND-OR network
introduce bubbles
(conserve inversions) 13

6. Multilevel NOR/NOR conversion
F = A(B+CD) + BC'
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 A C D B C' F
original
AND-OR network
introduce bubbles
(conserve inversions) 13

7. Generic multilevel conversion
F = ABC + BC + D = AX + X + D
(a)
(b) A A B B F F C C X X D D
original circuit
add double bubbles at inputs
(c)
(d) A A X B F C X' B F D' C X'
distribute bubbles
some mismatches D'
insert inverters to fix mismatches 13

8. Issues with multilevel design
No global definition of “optimal” multilevel circuit
Optimality depends on user-defined goals
Synthesis requires CAD-tool help
No simple hand methods like K-maps
CAD tools manipulate Boolean expressions
Covered in more detail in CSE467 13

9. Multilevel logic summary
Advantages over 2-level logic
Smaller circuits
Reduced fan-in
Less wires
Disadvantages w.r.t 2-level logic
More difficult design
Less powerful optimizing tools
What you should know for CSE370
The basic multilevel idea
Multilevel NAND/NAND and NOR/NOR conversion 13

10. Timing diagram (aka waveforms)
Sideways truth tables
Show time-response of circuits
Example: F = A +BC 13

11. Timing diagrams Real gates have real delays Example: A' • A = 0 time
Delays cause transient F=1 F A B C D
time 13

12. Example: F=A+BC in 2-level logic
canonical sum-of-products B F1 A
minimized sum-of-products F2
canonical product-of-sums F3
minimized product-of-sums F4 13

13. Timing diagram for F = A + BC
Time waveforms for F1 – F4 are identical
Except for timing hazards (glitches) 13

14. Hazards/glitches Hazards/glitches: Undesired output switching
Occurs when different pathways have different delays
Wastes power; causes circuit noise
Dangerous if logic makes a decision while output is unstable
Solutions
Design hazard-free circuits
Difficult when logic is multilevel
Wait until signals are stable 13

15. Types of hazards Static 1-hazard Static 0-hazard Dynamic hazards
Output should stay logic 1
Gate delays cause brief glitch to logic 0
Static 0-hazard
Output should stay logic 0
Gate delays cause brief glitch to logic 1
Dynamic hazards
Output should toggle cleanly
Gate delays cause multiple transitions 1 1 1 1 13

16. Static hazards
Often occurs when a literal and its complement momentarily assume the same value
Through different paths with different delays
Causes an (ideally) static output to glitch
A multiplexer A A B S F S S' B F S'
static-0 hazard 13

17. Eliminating static hazards (only in 2 level logic)
Key idea: Glitches happen when a changing input spans separate k-map encirclements
Example: 1101 to 0101 change can cause a static-1 glitch A AB
F = AC' + A'D CD 00 01 11 10 00 1 1 1 1 A C' 01 F 1 1 D A' 11 D 1 C 10 13 B

18. Eliminating static hazards (con’t)
Solution: Add redundant k-map encirclements
Ensure that all single-bit changes are covered
First eliminate static-1 hazards: Use SOP form
If need to eliminate static-0 hazards, use POS form A
F = AC' + A'D + C'D AB 00 01 11 10 CD 00 A C' 01 D A' F 11 D C C' 10 D B 13

19. Summary of hazards We can eliminate static hazards in 2-level logic
For single-bit changes
Eliminating static hazards also eliminates dynamic hazards
Hazards are a difficult problem
Multiple-bit changes in 2-level logic are hard
Static hazards in multilevel logic are harder
Dynamic hazards in multilevel logic are harder yet
CAD tools and simulation/testing are indispensable 13