1. EARLY MODERN ERA!

2. Middle Ages  Renaissance (600-1450) (Late 1400s)
People begin to spend less time thinking about religion and God and more time thinking about the natural world around them.

3. RECAP: What were the effects of the Crusades?

4. What were the effects of the Crusades?
Interaction with Muslim and Byzantine civilization
Increased trade
 Growth of cities  wealth
Discovery of Greek and Roman texts
 More diverse academic interests
Awareness of the “rest of the world”
 Curiosity  Desire to explore

5. CRUSADES ART POLITICS (and exploration) SCIENCE Renaissance
NEW IDEAS!!
in…
POLITICS
Absolute Monarchs
SCIENCE
Scientific Revolution
**all of these are happening and progressing during the same time in the Early Modern Era.

6. How do the Crusades lead to the Renaissance?
Increased wealth
As cities grow and some merchants become very wealthy (especially in Italy – trading ports)
These wealthy men become patrons (sponsors of artists and scientists) and have no connection with the Church
More diverse academic interests
People no longer have to be a member of the Church to be well-educated, and so academics begin studying non-religious matters (philosophy, science, engineering, architecture, etc.)
Desire to explore
As people become more aware of the wide world around them, they focus more of their time thinking about this Earth, rather than the Kingdom of Heaven

7. Secular Humanism Secular: not religious
Humanism: placing the study and progress of human nature at the center of interests
We can better understand this idea by looking at art throughout the end of the Middle Ages/early Renaissance…
Renaissance art really was from 1400s-1600s

8. Madonna and Child in Glory
Setting? Heaven - common for artists to use gold to symbolize heaven
Who is depicted?
Realistic? Size, halos
Hieratic scale – saints, members of the Church, important figures larger than others
Madonna and Child in Glory
Jacopo di Cione, 1391

9. Miraculous Mass of St. Martin of Tours Franconian School, 1440
Realistic? Perspective is “off” – each item is accurate but it is not quite right
(Early Renaissance – everything by eye, not math). Still gold to represent heaven, but less so – begins to show a small interest in the world around them (painting a church, not *just* a heavenly scene).
Miraculous Mass of St. Martin of Tours
Franconian School, 1440

10. Adoration of the Magi by Botticelli, 1475
Use of light and shadow, natural postures, facial expressions, proportional. Shift to the outside. Still definitely religious – Madonna and child. USE OF PERSPECTIVE – thanks to math! Halos? Hieratic scale? Shows importance of religion in every day life – normal people doing normal things, as well as saints and Jesus – connection DUE to protestant
Adoration of the Magi by Botticelli, 1475

11. Madonna and Child by Raphael
1503

12. Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci
/1507

13. Virgin of the Rocks by Leonardo da Vinci 1505-1508
Takeaway: Christianity doesn’t go away during the Renaissance, but it becomes one part of humanity – and Biblical figures are seen as (at least partially) human rather than otherworldly
Scene: John the Baptist meets Holy Family

14. School of Athens by Raphael
1510

15. The Bean Eater Annibale Carracci, 1582/83
Made later in the renaissance