1. Begin Activity 1: Tree-ring Dating
2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018
Notes: 1/20
For lecture images:
Password: geos220
Look ahead
For readings:
Begin Activity 1: Tree-ring Dating
2006: this lecture ended at 12:00, too early. Could use a couple more images to lengthen by at least 5 minutes.
2007: even after adding slides and one video clip, this lecture still lasted only till about noon. Okay to add even more material.

2. General Climatology: Main Points
2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018
General Climatology: Main Points
Characteristics of solar radiation
Why we have seasons?
Latitudinal transfer of energy
Pressure gradients and coriolis
General circulation features
Next time:
SW weather, winter and summer
Later:
Rainshadow, climate change

3. Angle of incidence Color of surface 2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018
Incoming Solar Radiation
Mostly not absorbed by earth’s surface
Reflection (albedo):
Angle of incidence
Color of surface

4. albedo = reflectivity Angle of incidence Color of surface
2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018
Incoming Solar Radiation
Mostly not absorbed by earth’s surface
Reflection (albedo):
Angle of incidence
Color of surface
albedo = reflectivity

5. 2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018

6. 2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018

7. 2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018

8. 2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018

9. Solar Radiation to Sfc Direct incidence Small area Less reflectance
2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018
Solar Radiation to Sfc
Equator:
Direct incidence
Small area
Less reflectance
Poles:
Angled incidence
Large area
More reflectance

10. Solar Radiation to Sfc Direct incidence Small area Less reflectance
2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018
Solar Radiation to Sfc
Equator:
Direct incidence
Small area
Less reflectance
Poles:
Angled incidence
Large area
More reflectance

11. 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Atmosphere and Solar Radiation
Direct incidence: less atmosphere
Angled incidence: more atmosphere, like at poles

12. Little effect low latitudes Big effect poles
2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018
Earth’s Tilt
Now ~ 23.5°
Causes seasons
Little effect low latitudes
Big effect poles
Who gets more hours of sunlight, equator or poles?

13. Insolation Imbalance Too much Heats up Too little Cools off
2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018
Insolation Imbalance
Equator:
Too much
Heats up
Poles:
Too little
Cools off
Energy is transferred

14. Equator-ward cool water East-to-west warm water
2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018
Ocean Current Transfer
“Gulf stream waters” not just a song
Note El Niño currents:
Equator-ward cool water
East-to-west warm water

15. Equator-ward cool water East-to-west warm water
2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018
Ocean Current Transfer
“Gulf stream waters” not just a song
Note El Niño currents:
Equator-ward cool water
East-to-west warm water

16. Never forget: 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018
Warm air rises, cold air sinks
What goes up, must come down
Atmosphere: grand cycle of rising/sinking air

17. ~12 km (7 mi, 39,000 ft), Catalinas is 1/4th way up All weather
2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018
Atmosphere
Troposphere
~12 km (7 mi, 39,000 ft), Catalinas is 1/4th way up
All weather
Warm at surface
Stratosphere
Ozone
Other particles

18. Cooler with higher elevation Warmer with lower elevation
2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018
Dry Lapse Rate
1° C change in temperature / 100 m change (5.5° F/1000 ft)
If no other influences:
Cooler with higher elevation
Warmer with lower elevation
A key determinant of biota

19. Lapse rate Cooler with higher elevation Warmer with lower elevation
2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018
Dry Lapse Rate
1° C change in temperature / 100 m change (5.5° F/1000 ft)
If no other influences:
Cooler with higher elevation
Warmer with lower elevation
A key determinant of biota
Lapse rate

20. 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Vapor Saturation with Temperature
Hot air holds more moisture
Cold air holds less moisture
Sensitive at high temperature
Rel Humidity not a good value, dew point is better

21. 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Clouds Several Thousand Feet Deep
Formed by uplift, “hot air rises”
Condensation of vapor with uplift, cooling

22. 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Circulation Cells
Air bunches up as it flows poleward, because earth is a globe
Poleward flow is split into 3 parts
(How to know Earth is a globe?)

23. 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Circulation Cells
Air bunches up as it flows poleward, because earth is a globe
Poleward flow is split into 3 parts
(How to know Earth is a globe?)

25. Watch these videos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DHrapzHPCSA
2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018
Watch these videos

26. 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 3-D View of circulation
Winds should be due north and south?

27. 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018
Coriolis Effect: Viewed From North Pole
Object appears to deflect to the right

28. Coriolis (pole) 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018
Coriolis Effect: Viewed From North Pole
Object appears to deflect to the right

29. Object appears to deflect to the right Paradigm:
2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018
Coriolis Effect
From equator northward:
Object appears to deflect to the right
Paradigm:
Winds are deflected to the right in Northern Hemisphere

30. Coriolis (equator) Object appears to deflect to the right Paradigm:
2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018
Coriolis
(equator)
Coriolis Effect
From equator northward:
Object appears to deflect to the right
Paradigm:
Winds are deflected to the right in Northern Hemisphere

31. 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Look again at Surface flow:
Tropics: north to south, deflects to right (therefore east to west, easterlies)
Mid-latitudes: south to north, deflects to right (therefore west to east, westerlies)

32. 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Look again at Surface flow:
Tropics: north to south, deflects to right (therefore east to west, easterlies)
Mid-latitudes: south to north, deflects to right (therefore west to east, westerlies)

33. 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Latitudinal Wind Easterly trades
Westerly mid-latitude winds

34. 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 Latitudinal Wind Easterly trades
Westerly mid-latitude winds

35. Gran Desierto Sahara Atacama Kalahari Great Sandy
2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018
Gran Desierto
Sahara
Atacama
Kalahari
Great Sandy

36. 2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018

37. January Surface Circulation
2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018
January Surface Circulation
Strong Aleutian low in N. Pacific
Continental High over Rockies
Pulls weather systems from northern Pacific over North America
Important: Note direction of prevailing winds: westerly
January Surface Circulation

38. 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 January Surface Circulation
Strong Aleutian low in N. Pacific
Continental High over Rockies
Pulls weather systems from northern Pacific over North America
Important: Note direction of prevailing winds: westerly

39. July Surface Circulation
2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018
July Surface Circulation
Oceanic highs move north
Continent with relatively low pressure
Pulls in moisture from tropical oceans
July Surface Circulation

40. 2003 Climatology 1 lecture 12/1/2018 July Surface Circulation
Oceanic highs move north
Continent with relatively low pressure
Pulls in moisture from tropical oceans

41. 2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018
Key Points

42. Solar insolation of Earth is uneven
2003 Climatology 1 lecture
12/1/2018
Key Points
Solar insolation of Earth is uneven
Atmosphere transfers energy poleward
Coriolis deflects the transfer to the right
Warm air rises:
Moisture condenses, rains
Cold air sinks:
Moisture evaporates, dry
Result: rain vs. aridity in the SW