1. Carbohydrates
(Saccharides)

2. Structure of Saccharides.
May be isomers like fructose and glucose, same chemical formula but different structures.

3. Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
all have the formula C6 H12 O6
Glucose has a ring structure
(glucose is an example)

4. Common Saccharides

5. Ring State of Carbohydrates.
D-glucose
Source:
α-Glucose
Source:
β-Glucose
Source:

6. Disaccharides (double sugars)
all have the formula C12 H22 O11
sucrose (table sugar) is an example

7. Simple carbohydrates: Monosaccharides examples
fructose (fruits and honey)
glucose (photosynthetic product)
Disaccharides
sucrose (table sugar)
lactose (milk)
Lactose
Source:
Glucose
Source:
Fructose
Source:
Sucrose
Source:

8. Structural formula Abbreviated structure Simplified structure
LE 3-4c
Structural
formula
Abbreviated
structure
Simplified
structure

9. Types of Complex carbohydrates:
Polysaccharides (formed by dehydration synthesis of monosaccharides)
Oligosaccharide is a short saccharide chain
Glycosidic bond = bond between saccharide subunits (1,4 or 1,6 Glycosidic linkage)

10. Polysaccharides: Examples: . Amylose (straight chain plant starch)
Amylopectin (branching plant starch)
Cellulose (plant cell walls)
Glycogen (animal starch)
Chitin (insect exoskeleton) .
Amylose
Source:
Amylopectin
Source:
Glycogen
Source:

11. Function of Carbohydrates
1) Primary Energy Source:
Simple sugars (Mono and Disaccharides) .
Source:

12. 2)Temporary Energy storage molecules Polysaccharides
Example:
starch in plants products of photosynthesis (glucose) are stored as starch in amyloplasts of plant cells.
glycogen in animals when animals ingest excess carbohydrates, it is stored in the liver as the polysaccharide glycogen.
Source:

13. LE 3-7 STARCH GLYCOGEN CELLULOSE Starch granules in potato tuber cells
Glucose
monomer
STARCH
Glycogen
granules in
muscle
tissues
GLYCOGEN
Cellulose fibrils in
a plant cell wall
CELLULOSE
Cellulose
molecules

14. Carbohydrate Functions Continued
3) Structural molecules
- .
Example
Cellulose = plant cell wall
Chitin = Insect and Arthropod exoskeletons
Source:

15. Carb Functions Continued
4) Carbohydrates in Membranes .
Carbohydrates can be attached to other molecules embedded in cell membranes

16. Did you Know? Cellulose is the most common organic compound on earth?
33% of all plant matter
90% of cotton
50% of wood

17. How are complex carbohydrates formed and broken down?

18. Dehydration Synthesis.
monosaccharide + monosaccharide ----> disaccharide + water
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ----> C12H22O11 + H2O
Polysaccharides are formed from repeated dehydration syntheses of water
They are the stored extra sugars known as starch

19. Glucose Glucose Maltose
LE 3-5
Glucose
Glucose
Maltose

20. Hydrolysis . (also called chemical digestion)
disaccharide + H2O ---> monosaccharide + monosaccharide
C12 H22 O11 + H2 O ---> C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6