1. The Cardiovascular System: Blood
Chapter 14

2. Function Transportation-hormones, gasses, nutrients, ions, heat
Regulation- pH, temperature, water balance in cells
Protection- clotting, white cells interferons, complement

3. Composition Connective tissue-Two parts
Plasma = soluble materials (~55%)
Formed Elements = cells (~45%)
Percent occupied by red blood cells (RBC) = hematocrit (Hct)
White blood cells (WBC) ~1%

4. Figure 14.1a

5. Figure 14.1b

6. Plasma ~91% water, 7% proteins, 1.5 % other solutes
Proteins: Albumin (54%)- osmosis and carriers;
Globulins (38%)- antibodies
Fibrinogen (7%)- clotting
Other: Electrolytes , nutrients, gases, hormones, vitamins & waste products

7. Formed Elements I. Red Blood Cells II. White blood cells III Platelets
A. granular Leukocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
B. Agranular leukocytes
T & B lymphocytes & natural Killer cells
monocytes
III Platelets

8. Formation of Blood Cells
Called hemopoiesis
Just before birth and throughout life occurs in red bone marrow
Contains pluripotent stem cells
In response to specific hormones these develop through a series of changes to form all of the blood cells

9. Figure 14.2a

10. Figure 14.2b

11. Erythrocytes (RBCs) Hemoglobin package- carries oxygen
Also carries some CO2
Male has ~ 5.4 million cells/µl; Female has ~4.8 million
membrane, no nucleus, flexible structure
use glucose for ATP production to maintain ionic composition
No mitochondria
Wear out fast- live ~120 days

12. RBC Cycling cleared by macrophages (liver & Spleen)
Fe- recycled in bone marrow
Carried in blood on transferrin
Heme bilirubin and excreted (bile)
Globin A.A. recycled.

13. Figure 14.3

14. RBC Synthesis called erythropoiesis From stem cells: hemocytoblasts
Released as reticulocytes
Mature to erythrocytes in 1-2 days
Production & destruction is balanced
Low O2 delivery (hypoxia) 
erythropoietin release (EPO) from kidney
Stimulates erythropoiesis

15. Figure 14.4

16. White Blood Cells
Defenses: phagocytes, antibody production and antibacterial action
Phagocytes:
Neutrophil- first responders
Monocytes macrophages (big eaters)
Eosinophil- phagocitize antibody-antigen complexes Involved in suppressing allergic responses
Basophil- intensify allergic reactions
Immune response:
T-cells, B-cells& natural killer (NK) cells

17. WBC Life Span 5000-10,00 WBC /µl blood
Limited number of bacteria can be eaten
Life span is a few days
During active infection may be hours
Leukocytosis= increased WBC numbers response to stresses
Leukopenia = decreased WBC numbers

18. Platelets
Myeloid stem cells  megakaryocytes  fragments = platelets
Plug damaged blood vessels
Promote blood clotting
Life span 5-9 days

19. Hemostasis Hemostasis = stationary blood 1. Vascular reactions (spasm)
Response to damage
Quick reduction of blood loss
2. platelet plug formation
Become sticky when contact damaged vessel wall
3. blood clotting (coagulation)
Series of chemical reactions involving clotting factors
Clotting in unbroken vessel= thrombosis

20. Coagulation Extrinsic pathway common steps
tissue factor(TF) from damaged cells 1
Intrinsic Pathway  common steps
Materials “intrinsic” to blood 1
1. prothrombinase which causes
2. prothrombin thrombin causes
3. fibrinogen  fibrin  clot

21. Clot Retraction & Vessel Repair
Clot pugs ruptured area
Gradually contracts (retraction)
Pulls sides of wound together
Fibroblasts replace connective tissue
epithelial cells repair lining

22. Control Mechanisms
Fibrinolysis: dissolving of clot by activated plasmin enclosed in clot
Clots can be triggered by roughness on vessel wall = thrombosis
Loose clot = embolus and can block a small vessel = embolism

23. Figure 14.5

24. Blood Types Surface antigens- react with antibodies
Divided into groups based on antigens
> 24 blood groups and > 100 different antigens
We will deal with ABO and Rh groups

25. ABO Group Two antigens = A & B If have only A –type A
If have only B –type B
If neither then Type O
Blood usually has antibodies that can react with antigens
e.g. anti-A antibody or anti-B antibody
You don’t react with your own antigens
Thus: type A has anti-B and vice versa

26. Figure 14.6

27. Rh Blood Group Antigen discovered in rhesus monkey
If have antigen- Rh+
Normally don’t have antibodies
antibodies develop after the first exposure from transfusion

28. Transfusions
If mismatched blood given antibodies bind to it and hemolyze cells
Type AB has no AB antibodies so can receive any ABO type blood called Universal recipients
Type O have neither antigen so can donate to any other ABO type called Universal donors
Misleading because of many other blood groups that must be matched