1. Chapter 10 Section 2
A Country at War

2. I. The First War Years
After Bull Run, Lincoln appointed George McClellan to lead the Union Army
1. Great trainer and organizer
2. Not aggressive
3. Not a great military strategist

3. George McClellan (1826 – 1885)
West Point and observed other armies in Europe. Returned to military after outbreak of Civil War. Great trainer and organizer. After battle of Antietam he was never given another command. Left army and ran unsuccessfully against Lincoln in Became Governor of New Jersey.

4. I. The First War Years Tried to capture Confederate capital at
Richmond
1. McClellan tricked into thinking he
was outnumbered
2. McClellan forced to retreat
3. Confederates considered it a victory

5. I. The First War Years Antietam 1. September 1862
2. Lee wanted to end war quickly
a. Invasion of North might scare them
3. Lee’s battle plans were intercepted
4. McClellan moved slowly
5. Attacked Lee at Antietam Creek in Maryland
6. Bloodiest single day of the war
a. 23,000 casualties
7. Lee retreated back to Virginia
8. McClellan did not pursue
9. Lincoln outraged
a. Felt it could have ended the war, but it gave him opportunity to
issue Emancipation Proclamation

6. I. The First War Years Warfare at Sea
1. Union’s blockade effective in stopping supplies
a. Critical shortages in South
b. Stopped cotton from reaching Britain
2. South hoped Britain would help break blockade
a. Britain did not want a war
b. Britain also needed northern grain
c. Selling war goods to North
d. Remained neutral

7. I. The First War Years Warfare at Sea
3. Southerners tried to break blockade
a. Small boats – blockade runners
b. Ironclad warships

8. Blockade Runners Blockade runners were one of the major
reasons that the Confederate states lasted
as long as they did. They supplied about
60% of the weapons used by the
Confederates and most of the supplies
used to manufacture weapons. About 300
ships tried to run the blockade a total of
1,300 times during the war, succeeding
over 1,000 times. Blockading ships
captured 136 runners and destroyed 85.
The average runner made four trips; the
Syren was the most successful with 33
trips, while the Denbigh made 26 trips.
Salt that cost $6.50 in the Bahamas sold
for $1,700 in the South.

9. Submarines
The Confederate States of America used submarines in combat. They built
small, steam-powered submarines, called Davids, named for the Bible's
legendary giant-slayer. On Oct. 5, 1863, one of these attacked the USS
New Ironsides off the coast of Charleston, South Carolina, disabling but
not sinking the ship with a 65-pound spar torpedo.
The Civil War also saw the first submarine to successfully sink its target,
the  40-foot-long Hunley , which was operated by eight men turning a
hand crank attached to her propeller shaft. The Hunley sank and was
recovered three times during trial runs before it was successful. On Feb.
16, 1864, under the cover of darkness, the Hunley sank the USS
Housatonic off Charleston. Accounts differ as to the reason, but the
Hunley sank soon after sinking the Housatonic . It was discovered in May
1995 off the coast of Charleston and was recovered in August 2000.

10. CSA Hunley

11. I. The First War Years Warfare at Sea 4. Merrimac
a. Recovered Union ship that had sunk
b. Covered with 4 inch iron plates
c. Renamed the Virginia
d. Destroyed two Union ships
e. Ran a third aground

12. U.S.S. Merrimack to C.S.S. Virginia
When on April 21st, 1861, the
Virginians took possession of the
abandoned navy yard at Norfolk, they
found that the Merrimac had been
burnt and sunk. She was raised; and on
June 23rd following, the Hon. S. R.
Mallory, Confederate Secretary of the
Navy, ordered that she should be
converted into an ironclad, on the plan proposed by Lieutenant Jno. M.
Brooke, C. S. Navy. The masts and above
deck structures were removed and 4 inches
of iron plating were placed at an angle
above the water line.

13. C.S.S. Virginia meets the Union fleet
On March 8, 1862, the CSS Virginia
arrived at Hampton Roads. Here
conversion had been rushed and there
were still workmen onboard. When she
arrived she rammed and sank the USS
Cumberland. A second Union ship, the
USS Congress ran aground trying to
Escape. The Virginia exchanged fire
with the Congress until she was finally
set on fire. A third Union ship, the
Minnesota had also run aground. The
Virginia tried to attack her but
eventually had to retire because of some
moderate damage.

14. U.S.S. Monitor USS Monitor, a 987-ton armored turret
gunboat, was built at New York to the
design of John Erricsson. She was the
first of what became a large number of
"monitors" in the United States and
other navies. Commissioned on 25
February 1862, she soon was underway
for Hampton Roads, Virginia.
Monitor arrived there on 9 March, and
was immediately sent into action
against the Confederate ironclad
Virginia, which had sunk two Union
Navy ships the day before.

15. I. The First War Years Warfare at Sea
5. Union had its own iron clad – The Monitor
a. Merrimac and Monitor battled
b. Did little damage to each other
6. A new era of shipbuilding had started
7. Union built more than 200 warships during war
a. 70 ironclads
8. Confederacy lacked shipyards and resources to
keep up

16. Battle of Hampton Roads
At dawn on March 9, 1862, returned to
Hampton Roads to finish off the
Union fleet. When she arrived she
found the Union Monitor waiting. The
Monitor positioned herself to protect
the Minnesota. The Monitor and the
Virginia fired at each other for hours
only inflicting minor damage on each
other because of their armor plating.
The battle ended in a draw, but, the
day of wooden ships was now over.
`Whereas,' said London Times, `we
had one hundred and forty-nine first-
class warships, we have now but two."

17. E. Control of the Mississippi River Valley
Union had success in the West in 1861 and 1862
Ulysses S. Grant captured key forts
a. Fort Henry
b. Fort Donelson
Union moved to capture the Mississippi
Grant suffered many losses at Shiloh but drove the Confederates back

18. E. Control of the Mississippi River Valley
Union Naval Admiral David Farragut captured New Orleans
a. Largest and wealthiest city in South
South could no longer use Mississippi as supply line
Still needed to capture Vicksburg
a. After 6 week siege, Vicksburg fell
on July 4, 1863
b. Mississippi River now totally under Union control
c. Confederacy cut in two

19. II. Gettysburg Gettysburg
A. Despite winning battles in Virginia, Lee wanted
to make bold move
B. Felt if South won battle in North, they would
make peace
C. Gettysburg – The Turning Point
1. Lee moved into Pennsylvania
2. General George Meade now in control of
Union army
3. July 1, 1863 – Armies clashed in small
town of Gettysburg

20. II. Gettysburg Gettysburg - The Turning Point
4. Battle lasted three days
5. 50,000 casualties – deadliest battle
of Civil War
6. July 3, Lee ordered 15,000 troops
to attack center of Union line
a. Led by General Pickett – Pickett’s
Charge
b. Union soldiers had high ground –
Cemetery Ridge
c. 6,500 Confederates dead or wounded

21. Pickett’s Charge On July 3, 1863, the last day of the
battle of Gettysburg, General Lee
ordered Gen. Longstreet to
attack the center of the Union
positions on Cemetery Ridge. The
charge was proceeded by an
artillery barrage. After the artillery
barrage the guns went silent and
13,000 men began to march across
a ploughed field toward the center
of the Union line on Cemetery
ridge. They marched at a brisk
pace.

22. Pickett’s Charge A Union officer wrote that:
“More than a half a mile their front
extends Man , gleam in the sun, a
sloping forest of flashing steel. Right
on they move, as with one soul, in
perfect order “ They form a perfect
target and the Union soldier’s open fire.
A Union soldier said: “We could not
help hitting them at every shot.”
Another Union officer said it was “the
most beautiful thing I ever saw.” The
charge only makes it to the Union lines
at one place called the Angle.

23. Pickett’s Charge & General Lewis Armistead
The Confederate soldiers who reached
the Union lines at the Angle were lead by
General Lewis Armistead of North
Carolina. He jumped over a stone wall,
waving his hat on his sword and captured a
Union battery before being mortally
wounded. While he lay dying he was
comforted by a Union Captain. Armistead
gave the Captain his watch and asked that
he tell his old friend General Hancock “that
I know I did my country a great wrong
when I took up arms against her, for which
I am sorry, but for which I cannot now
atone.”

24. Pickett’s Charge After the charge was broken
General Lee rode out to try
and regroup the men heard him
saying “It was all my fault.” Lee
asked General Pickett to rally
his division. Pickett replied
“I have no division now.” In
later years Pickett said “That old
man had my division slaughtered
at Gettysburg

25. II. Gettysburg Gettysburg – The Turning Point 7. Lee retreated
8. Confederate Army badly
weakened
a. Would never attack
North again

26. II. Gettysburg Gettysburg Address
1. November 1863 – ceremony held to dedicate battlefield
2. Lincoln invited to speak at ceremony
3. Speech took just over two minutes
4. Considered one of greatest American speeches
5. Summed up the ideal of U.S.
6. Civil War was struggle to preserve those ideals
a. “. . . Conceived in liberty and dedicated to
proposition that all men are created equal”
b. “. . . Testing whether that nation or any nation
can long endure”
c. Nation’s duty to complete work of soldiers that died