1. Titian’s School of Athens

2. ARISTOTLE
THE SCIENTIST

3. The scientific observer
A categorizer, and organizer.
Some men are born to lead and some to follow.
Hence, slavery OK, because it is ‘ natural’, inequality of genders as well.
What is natural is both real and right

4. JUSTICE : Definition 1 Justice is treating equals equally
And treating unequals unequally

5. The logician Father of syllogism All men are mortal.
Socrates is mortal.
Socrates is a man.

6. The four causes Material out of what Efficient by what
Formal into what
Final for the purpose of what
the end (telos, hence teleology)

7. What is the end (goal) of man?
The Nicomachean Ethics.
An attempt to show how we should behave
“should” indicates in keeping with our proper, just (final) cause.
A lot about friendship: 3 types
for our good
shared interest, and
‘true’ friendship

8. What is a “good” man?
Good for what?

9. What are the “goods”? Some goods are self evident.
Health, knowledge, skills, liberty
Society
to allow the others to be achieved

10. Doctrine of the Mean
Virtues are the midpoint, the “goldilocks’ just right balance between extremes.
Ex: Deficiency =cowardice
Excess = foolhardiness
Virtue = courage
Miserliness, extravagance, generosity

11. Modern example Deficiency not caring about a test
Excess obsessing about a test pulling an all-nighter panic attack
Virtue preparedness

12. NB Plato’s definition of justice, harmony balance, proper ordering

13. So, Virtues, practiced, habitual
Eudaimonia: activity of the soul in accord with virtue
What is the highest pleasure?
Happiness and pleasure

14. The end of man. To realize our potential,
The highest activity we are capable of, that which is most like the gods?
Not the mentality of a child, pleasurable as it is.
Not just pleasure

15. Active or passive?
Contemplative or by good deeds

16. Abraham Maslow American 1908-1970
Hierarchy of needs,
None higher can be reached until the lower ones are satisfied.
Physical needs
Safety needs
Belonging needs
Esteem needs

17. Self actualization
Which means?

18. What are the “goods”? Real (needs) and apparent (wants): Of the real:
Instrumental and ultimate
Of the instrumental
Possessions (external) and
Perfections (internal)