1. World War I
The End of the War

2. Events in Russia: Tsar Abdicates
In March 1917, Tsar Nicolas (Romanov Imperial Family) and the autocracy in Russia were overthrown in a relatively peaceful revolution = the First of Russia’s two revolutions.
The Tsar abdicates = steps down from the throne.

3. Events in Russia: Provisional Government
A Provisional Government (temporary) took over = they were moderate communists.
This government decided to continue the war despite the people’s protests = it was political suicide.

4. Events in Russia: The Bolsheviks + Lenin
The Bolsheviks (revolutionary communists) lead by Vladimir Lenin took over in what has become known as the second of Russia’s Revolutions.
Lenin created a communist government that ruled what was then known as the Soviet Union/USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics).

5. Events in Russia: Stalin
The USSR would eventually be led by Lenin’s successor, Joseph Stalin (one of the most evil men in history).

6. Peace + The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
In order for Russians to leave WWI, Lenin immediately opened peace negotiations with the Germans.
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was the result.

7. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
A peace treaty between Russian and Germany that enabled Russian to leave the war to take care of their political turmoil.
Left Germany fighting a one-front war.
Gave Germany money, land and citizens.

8. The USA enters WWI The Americans entered WWI on April 2, 1917.
The US was the most powerful industrial nation on earth and Germany wanted to try one more time to win the war before US enforcements came – they failed at this attempt.

9. The USA enters WW1 The US brought in fresh troops and optimism.
There were many reasons why they joined the war.
The most prominent were the Zimmerman Telegram and the Lusitania.

10. The USA: A Telegram + A Boat
Zimmerman Telegram, 1917 = a German telegram to Mexico that was intercepted by the US; stated that the Germans would support the Mexicans in taking several states in the Southern US.
RMS Lusitania, 1915 = a neutral US/British boat that was sunk by German U-boats.

11. Germany’s Last Push West
Germany racing west to take advantage of the period before American troops arrive
Germans push west, get to 75km from Paris
Ypres, the Somme, Passchendaele taken
Exhausted, no supplies, no replacements

12. Hundred Day Campaign
Starting August 1918, series of Allied attacks to push Germans back
Canadian troops played large role
Successfully broke through Hindenburg Line, a series of German defences in France
General Arthur Currie considered it Canada’s greatest achievement in WWI

13. Hindenberg Line

14. Hundred Day Campaign

15. Collapse of the Central Powers
October 1918 – Austro-Hungarian Empire splits up; separate states negotiate peace with Allies
November 1918 – revolution in Germany; Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates; republic declared

16. Armistice Armistice – November 11, 1918 “armistice” = truce
Signed in railcar in France
Between Allies and Germany
In effect 11:00AM, Nov. 11, 1918

17. Armistice

18. Armistice

19. Aftermath of WWI 16 million dead worldwide
10 million soldiers, 6 million civilians
21 million wounded
66,000 Canadians dead, 170,000 wounded
Spanish Influenza
Spread by soldiers returning home
22 million dead worldwide
Including 55,000 Canadians

20. The Cost in $$$
Cost $400,000,000,000 (400 Billion) in = values approximately $4 Trillion today.
These sums do not take into account the disruption of the European economy, the crippling of soldiers and civilian, or the sums of money to be paid to veterans in the form of pensions for generations.

21. The Spanish Influenza
The Spanish Influenza struck in the trenches of the western front and then flourished when soldiers returned home.
It became the greatest public health disaster of modern history.

22. Spanish Influenza

23. Spanish Influenza

24. Peace Process Paris Peace Conference January 1919
PM Borden gets separate seat at conference, rather than Britain representing Canada; also signed Treaty separately… BIG DEAL
Talks dominated by Britain, France, USA, but Canada made its presence felt
Result was the Treaty of Versailles

25. Paris Peace Conference

26. Treaty of Versailles June 28, 1919 Laid out terms of peace for Germany
President Wilson proposed 14-point plan based on forgiveness
France and Belgium wanted Germany to pay

27. Treaty of Versailles German “guilt clause”
Reparations - $30 billion ($300+ billion today)
Unable to meet payments
Germany loses land to France and Poland, among others (split in two)
German army limited to 100,000 soldiers
Not allowed U-boats or an air force
League of Nations formed
CANADA ACTUALLY HAD SOME INPUT!!!

28. Treaty of Versailles

29. League of Nations
President Wilson’s idea (self determination and forgiveness)
Similar to today’s United Nations
Collective Security – one country is attacked, others help defend it
Britain and France not enthused about League
Wanted to remain imperialistic
League popular with the public
Canada an independent member of League

30. The LON: Headquarters With headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.
The LON (began in 1919) it lasted until the founding of its successor, the UNITED NATIONS, in 1945.

31. League of Nations Limitations Required co-operation
No military force, only economic sanctions
Americans refused to join, even though Wilson’s idea (Germany and Russia also not in)

32. The LON: Collective Security
Members were required to respect and preserve each other's territory and independence = collective security.
Aggression against any member would be considered aggression against all, and would lead to collective economic, and possibly military, measures = collective security.

33. League of Nations

34. The LON: No Effective Action
Proved incapable of effective action in the face of territorial aggression in the 1930s by Japan, Italy, and Germany.
Japan = Manchurian Crisis, (
Italy = Abyssinian Crisis, (
Germany = Rearmament, Anschluss with Austria, Invasion of Czechoslovakia + Poland,

35. The LON: Weaknesses/Failure
The League did not have a military so all it could do in the face of aggression via aggressor nations was apply economic sanctions.
The League ceased to function as a collective security organization, although its social and economic activities continued until WWII.

36. Canada: T of V + the LON
Canada was a member throughout the League's existence, and served from on the council.
Treaty of Versailles = Borden insisted Canada put its own signature on it.
LON = Canada and other dominions given their own seats.

37. Canada & the Empire Two important effects:
Ended public admiration for old school imperialism – allure of GB paled and thrill of imperial military pride never recovered.
Self image – Canada’s strong contribution to the war gave us a strong international voice.

38. Canada & Loss 620,000 Canadians served in WWI. 66,000 died.
172,000 were wounded.

39. “It can hardly be expected that we shall put 400,000 or 500,000 men in the field and willingly accept the position of having no more voice and receiving no more consideration than if we were toy automata”
~ Robert Borden

40. “We want more men from them
“We want more men from them. We can hardly ask them to make another great recruiting effort unless it is accompanied by an invitation to come over and discuss the situation with us”
~ Lloyd George

41. EFFECTS OF WWI ON CANADA
National Identity
Economy
Women’s Rights
Canadian Autonomy
International Status
French-English Relations
Racial Discrimination/WMA
Thousands Dead and Wounded
Country Mobilized Killed Wounded Total Casualties
Canada , , , , %
Grt Brit. 5,397, ,000 1,663, ,367, %
USA ,272, , , , %
Spanish Influenza

42. Was WW I a postive or negative experience for Canada
Was WW I a postive or negative experience for Canada? Be sure to use Key Terms
Positives
Negatives
Many more……
Many more……

43. The Roaring Twenties and the Dirty Thirties
Up Next:
The Roaring Twenties and the Dirty Thirties
FAILURE OF THE LEAGUE: