1. Hormones that affect short term and long term stress…

2. Adrenal Glands Located above each kidney Inner gland – adrenal medulla
medulla surrounded by outer casing
(adrenal cortex), regulated by the nervous
system
hormones regulate the adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla produces two hormones (produced when cells within adrenal medulla are stimulated by sympathetic nerves in times of stress
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

5. FIGHT OR FLIGHT!!
These two hormones initiate fight-or-flight biological responses
blood sugar level rises
glycogen converted to glucose
ensures greater energy reserve available
increase heart and breathing rates as well as cell metabolism
blood vessels dilate = allowing more oxygen and nutrients to reach tissues
irises dilate Q

6. Adrenal Cortex Stimulated by other hormones- ACTH
Produces three different types of hormones
Glucocorticoids
one of the most important - Cortisol, increases level of amino acids in blood and helps in recovery of stress by being converted to glucose in liver, supplying more energy needed for repair or recovery by cells or participating in protein synthesis
Mineralocorticoids
Salt and water balance – ALDOSTERONE!
Sex hormones
Small amounts!

8. Long Term Stress Response
hypothalamus sends hormone to anterior lobe of pituitary
stimulates pituitary to secrete corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone; ACTH)
blood carries ACTH to target cells in adrenal cortex
cells of adrenal cortex secrete mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids (one of which is cortisol)
these are carried to target cells in liver and muscles
as cortisol levels rise, hypothalamus and pituitary production of regulatory hormones decreases
eventually cortisol levels begin to fall

9. Effects of stress on a body
Nerve
signals
Spinal cord
(cross section)
Hypothalamus
Releasing
hormone
Nerve
cell
Anterior pituitary
Blood vessel
adrenal medulla
secretes epinephrine
& norepinephrine
Nerve cell
Adrenal cortex
secretes
mineralocorticoids
& glucocorticoids
ACTH
Adrenal
gland
Kidney
MEDULLA
CORTEX
(A) SHORT-TERM STRESS RESPONSE
(B) LONG-TERM STRESS RESPONSE
Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine:
1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose
2. Increased blood pressure
3. Increased breathing rate
4. Increased metabolic rate
5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness & decreased digestive & kidney activity
Effects of
mineralocorticoids:
1. Retention of sodium ions & water by kidneys
2. Increased blood volume & blood pressure
Effects of
glucocorticoids:
1. Proteins & fats broken down & converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose
2. Immune system suppressed