1. I. Terrestrial Invasion (Problems plants had to overcome)
A. Mineral absorption
1. N K S Ca P Mg

2. I. Terrestrial Invasion
A. Mineral absorption
1. N K S Ca P Mg
2. mycorrhizae

3. I. Terrestrial Invasion
A. Mineral absorption
1. N K S Ca P Mg
2. mycorrhizae
B. Water conservation
1. waxy cuticle (on exposed areas)
- prevents water loss
- water enters at roots

4. I. Terrestrial Invasion
A. Mineral absorption
1. N K S Ca P Mg
2. mycorrhizae
B. Water conservation
1. waxy cuticle (on exposed areas)
- prevents water loss
- water enters at roots
2. stomata
a. passages in the cuticle
b. allow gas exchange
c. water vapor

5. C. Reproducing
1. plants are immobile
- creates problem for sexual reproduction
- how can sperm get from one plant to another?
- pollen

6. 2. spores
a. a cell that can develop into another organism without fusing with another cell
b. basically asexual
c. resist drying

7. D. Structural support
1. gravity vs. water
2. lignin: chemical that strengthens plant cell walls

8. E. Life cycle changes
1. alternation of generations
- diploid alternates with haploid
2. sporophytes (diploid generation)
- form haploid spores my meiosis
- sporophyte grows by mitosis
- most vascular plants

9. 3. gametophytes (haploid generation)
- form haploid gametes by mitosis

10. 3. gametophytes (haploid generation)
- form haploid gametes by mitosis
- fused gametes (fertilization) form the sporophyte

12. F. Vascular system (found in 9 of 12 plant phyla)
1. roots and shoots
2. tall plants need good plumbing (vascular systems)
- vascular plants
- highly successful (>250,000 species)

13. G. Avascular plants (bryophytes)
1. first land plants
- still the simplest
2. lack lignin
- still have some conducting tubes
- limited size
3. liverworts, hornworts, mosses
4. still have flagellated sperm

14. Liverwort

15. Sphagnum Moss

16. Thalloid Liverwort

17. Hornwort

18. II. Vascular Plants
A. Features
1. dominant sporophyte
2. specialized conducting tissues
- reinforced cell walls (lignin)
- vascular bundles
3. specialized body form
- roots, stems, leaves

20. B. Conducting systems
1. phloem
- living cells
- transports carbohydrates

21. B. Conducting systems
1. phloem
- living cells
- transports carbohydrates

22. B. Conducting systems
1. phloem
- living cells
- transports carbohydrates
2. xylem
a. hard-walled cells
- dead
b. transport water and minerals

23. Vascular Bundles

24. G. Growth
1. indeterminate
- most plants
- growth for duration of life span
2. determinate
- most animals
- growth until a certain size is reached

25. 3. primary
a. cell division at tips of roots and stems
b. from apical meristems
c. taller but not wider

26. 4. secondary
a. new cells laid around periphery
b. increased diameter
- allows increase in height
c. from lateral meristems (2 of them)
- vascular cambrium
- cork cambrium

27. d. wood
- secondary xylem
- lignin provides the rigidity

28. d. wood
- secondary xylem
- lignin provides the rigidity
e. rings
- vary in size according to amount of growth each season

29. D. Seedless varieties
1. dominated the Carboniferous period ( MYA)
- coal

30. D. Seedless varieties
1. dominated the Carboniferous period ( MYA)
- coal
2. water required for fertilization
- sperm must swim

31. 3. ferns (most abundant)
a. independent sporophyte (diploid) and gametophyte (haploid) forms
b. gametes from gametophyte unite  zygote

32. c. zygote develops into sporophyte (diploid)
- produces haploid spores
- spores released
d. spores develop into gametophyte (haploid)
e. fern gametophyte: small, thin, photosynthetic, heart-shaped
f. fern sporophyte
- large, complex
- fronds