1. Physico-chemical environment
Figure 1
Physico-chemical environment
Biome/region
Ecosystems/landscape
Communities/vegetation
Functional types
Individual species

2. Environmental change drivers:
Figure 2
Environmental change drivers:
Vegetation Community
Plant species
Resources/
climate
Permafrost
Consumers/
Disturbance

3. Process rate Temperature/ Position in range Figure 3
Intensity of competition/
Influence of ‘invasive’ species A B C D
Process rate
North
Temperature/
Position in range
South

4. TIME-SCALE OF RESPONSE
Figure 4
Longest experimental studies
migration and invasion
disturbance regime
Other
 herbivores
SOM development
 litter mass, quality
Soils
 microbes, fauna
N availability
 species w/in initial community
allocation
Vegetation
Leaf Ps, Rs
1 day
1 yr
10 yr
100 yr
1000 yr
TIME-SCALE OF RESPONSE

5. Figure 5