1. BIODIVERSITY AND EMERGING INFECTIONS
Paul-Pierre PASTORET
World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)

2. EMERGING INFECTIONS
A COLLECTIVE NAME FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES THAT HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AND TAXONOMICALLY CLASSIFIED RECENTLY
IN HUMANS, IN THE FINAL QUARTER OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, MORE THAN 30 SUCH CONDITIONS WERE RECOGNISED

3. SEVENTY TO SEVENTY FIVE NEW EMERGING INFECTIONS ARE ZOONOTIC

4. TWO PARTNERS
AN INFECTION/DISEASE IS THE RESULT OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO PARTNERS: THE PATHOGEN AND THE HOST. WE SHALL FOCUS ON MAMMALS AND VIRUSES.

5. MAMMALS ACCORDING TO WILSON and REEDER:
IN MAMMAL SPECIES OF THE WORLD (2005), THERE EXIST 5,416 MAMMAL SPECIES
THE ADVENT OF MODERN MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES HAS ALLOWED INCREASINGLY DETAILED COMPARISONS OF SPECIES LIMITS AND EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS

6. MAMMAL SPECIES 2
THE INVENTORY OF MAMMAL SPECIES IN 1982 CONTAINED 4,170 SPECIES; THE INVENTORY IN 1993 CONTAINED 4629 SPECIES AS COMPARED TO 5416 IN 2005.
MOST OF THE INCREASE IN NUMBER IS DUE TO TAXONOMIC REVISION, BUT A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION IS DUE TO NEWLY DESCRIBED SPECIES

7. MAMMAL SPECIES 3 SOME SPECIES ARE EXTINCT, OTHERS ARE ENDANGERED
CITES: CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA.
OTHER SPECIES ARE EXPANDING THEIR RANGE OR ARE INVASIVE.
THE SITUATION IS PERMANENTLY EVOLVING

8. IT IS TO SAY 20.6 % OF THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF MAMMAL SPECIES
ORDER CHIROPTERA
AMONG MAMMAL SPECIES, THERE ARE 1,116 BAT SPECIES BELONGING TO 202 GENERA; 49 NEW SPECIES HAVE BEEN RECOGNISED SINCE 1993
IT IS TO SAY 20.6 % OF THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF MAMMAL SPECIES

10. IT IS TO SAY 42% OF THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF MAMMAL SPECIES
ORDER RODENTIA
AMONG MAMMAL SPECIES, THERE ARE 2,277 RODENT SPECIES BELONGING TO 481 GENERA; 128 NEW SPECIES HAVE BEEN RECOGNISED SINCE 1993
IT IS TO SAY 42% OF THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF MAMMAL SPECIES

11. WILD MAMMALS BIODIVERSITY
THE HOTSPOTS OF MAMMAL BIODIVERSITY ARE OBSERVED IN TROPICAL AREAS, SUCH AS SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

15. BIODIVERSITY OF DOMESTIC MAMMALS
THERE ARE MORE THAN 300 RECOGNISED DOG BREEDS WITH DIFFERENT GENETIC BACKGROUNDS
THERE ARE APPROXIMATELY 700 CATTLE BREEDS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD MANY OF WHICH IN A CRITICAL STAGE (LESS THAN 100 BREEDING COWS)

16. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTIONS
DOMESTIC BREEDS DIFFER IN THEIR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTIONS AND THEIR IMMUNE RESPONSE AFTER INFECTION
GOOD EXAMPLES ARE THE GENETIC RESISTANCE OF SHEEP TO SCRAPIE OR THE GENETIC RESISTANCE TO TRYPANOSOMIASIS OF N’DAMA CATTLE BREED

17. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO RABIES INFECTION AND VACCINATION
WILD AND DOMESTIC SPECIES DIFFER IN THEIR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO A GIVEN RABIES VIRUS STRAIN
DOG BREEDS DIFFER DRASTICALLY IN THEIR IMMUNE RESPONSE AFTER VACCINATION AGAINST RABIES AS EXEMPLIFIED BY THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UK PET SCHEME

18. VIRUSES HAVE CO-EVOLVED WITH THEIR NATURAL HOSTS
THE PATHOGEN: VIRUSES
VIRUSES EVOLVE QUICKER THAN THEIR HOSTS BY:
Point mutations
Deletions
Recombination
Reassortment
Acquisition of cellular genes
VIRUSES HAVE CO-EVOLVED WITH THEIR NATURAL HOSTS

19. EVOLUTION OF RNAs VIRUSES
RNAs VIRUSES EVOLVE VERY QUICKLY LEADING TO QUASI-SPECIES
AND CAN THEREFORE ADAPT TO NEW HOST SPECIES

21. THE EXAMPLE OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS (APHTHOVIRUS)
DIVERGING VIRUSES (7 SEROTYPES)
CAN CAUSE THE SAME DISEASE

22. HUMAN HERPESVIRIDAE Human herpesvirus 1 Human herpesvirus 2
Human herpesvirus 3 (VZV)
Human herpesvirus 4
Human herpesvirus 5
Human herpesvirus 6
Human herpesvirus 7
Human herpesvirus 8

23. BOVINE HERPESVIRIDAE Bovine herpesvirus 1 Bovine herpesvirus 2
CATTLE IS ALSO SUSCEPTIBLE TO THE INFECTION WITH PSEUDORABIES VIRUS (Suid herpesvirus 1), A DEAD-END INFECTION

24. THE WORLD OF VIRUSES IS HUGE
THERE ARE 5,416 RECOGNISED MAMMAL SPECIES; HERPESVIRUSES HAVE BEEN ISOLATED FROM ALL CLASSES OF VERTEBRATES AND EVEN FROM OYSTERS.
THE WORLD OF VIRUSES IS HUGE

25. MECHANISMS OF EMERGENCE
VIRUS MUTATION ( CANINE PARVOVIRUS INFECTION)
OPENING THE ECOSYSTEMS
CLIMATIC CHANGES
INVASIVE SPECIES
INTRODUCTION OF NEW SPECIES
BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS
THE FIVE Ts

26. THE FIVE Ts
TRANSPORT
TRADE
TRAVEL
TOURISM
TERRORISM

27. THE CASE OF BLUETONGUE IN NORTHERN EUROPE

29. Clinical bluetongue in cattle: face
Muzzle: ulcerous and necrotic lesions, scabs
Nose: ulcers in the nostrils, mucous to mucopurulent nasal discharge
Oral cavity: ulcers in the gengiva and the tongue, with hypersalivation
Peri-ocular oedema and erythema, lacrymation
Submandibular swelling

30. Clinical bluetongue in cattle: limbs and udder
Œdema
Muscular rigidity
Interdigital lesions
Lameness
Udder
Œdema and erythema of udder
Ulcers on the teats

31. BLUETONGUE IN NORTHERN EUROPE
A SUB-SAHARAN SEROTYPE (8)
A NEW VECTOR NOT KNOWN TO BE COMPETENT BEFORE

33. NO MORE TWO PARTNERS BUT THREE ONES
VECTORIAL DISEASES
NO MORE TWO PARTNERS BUT THREE ONES

34. THE MOST DIFFICULT TO ELIMINATE
VECTORIAL DISEASES 2
THE MOST DIFFICULT TO ELIMINATE
BY ESSENCE ALL ZOONOTIC DISEASES HAVE A RESERVOIR AND ARE THEREFORE ALSO DIFFICULT TO CONTROL UNLESS ONE CAN ELIMINATE WILDLIFE INFECTION: THE CASE OF TERRESTRIAL RABIES

36. ERADICATION OF INFECTIONS
ONLY TWO INFECTIONS ERADICATED SO FAR: SMALLPOX AND RINDERPEST
THEY SHARE THE SAME CHARACTERISTICS

38. COMING BACK TO RINDERPEST
ACCORDING TO FRANK FENNER, TO BE ERADICATED A DISEASE MUST:
Be important and serious
Absence of sub-clinical infection or silent excretion
Absence of contagion during the incubation or prodromic periods
Absence of asymptomatic carriers or recurrent access of excretion or disease
One virus serotype
Seasonal incidence
No alternative reservoir
THE AVAILABILITY OF AN EFFICACIOUS AND STABLE VACCINE