1. The Protestant Reformation

2. Abuses in the Church Popes and church leaders Riches Indulgences
Urged reforms

3. Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther ( )
Attacked the sale of indulgences, 1517.
Attacked corruption in Catholic Church
Argument reproduced with the printing press.
Enthusiastic responses from average Christians.
By mid-16th century, half of Germany adopted Lutheranism.
Luther did not actually create Lutheranism, followers did.

4. Luther’s Protest Martin Luther 1517 Luther’s teachings German monk
95 theses
1521 excommunicated
Luther’s teachings
Salvation was achieved through faith alone
Bible as truth
“priesthood of all believers”

5. Spread of Lutheran Ideas
Spread of Luther’s ideas
1530 Protestant
Selfish reasons
Peasants Revolt 1524
Peace of Augsburg, 1555

6. Protestant Reformation
Reform spread outside Germany.
Protestant movements popular in Swiss cities and Netherlands.
Scandinavian kings liked the movement because it removed the Church as a rival.
English Reformation was sparked by King Henry VII’s desire to get a divorce.

7. More New Ideas John Calvin Born in France
Institutes of Christian Religion
Salvation gained through faith, Bible true source
Predestination
Saints and Sinners

8. More about Calvin Calvin’s Geneva 1541 Spread of Calvinism Theocracy
True Christian society
Religious education
Spread of Calvinism
Calvinism spread to many areas
Set off wars
Led to the Dutch Reformed Church and the Scottish Presbyterian Church

9. English Reformation Henry VIII Annul his marriage
1534 Act of Supremacy

10. Radical Reformers New groups Anabaptists Baptists Quakers Mennonites
Amish

11. Counter Reformation Council of Trent 1545 Widespread persecution
Traditional view
Salvation comes through faith and works
Widespread persecution

12. Branches of Christianity

13. Catholic Reformation Early attempts to reform
Catholic cardinals and bishops call council in early 15th century.
Council of Constance deposes rival popes.
Attempts to assert authority over pope
Initial reforms
Catholic intellectuals attack Church corruption.
Emperor Sigismund attempts to reform the church in Germany.

14. Catholic Reformation The Council of Trent. 1545-1563
Organized to reform the Roman Catholic Church.
Attacked corruption
Reaffirmed traditions.
Bible was valued as co-equal.

15. Catholic Reformation The Society of Jesus.
Other wise known as “Jesuits”.
Founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540.
High standards in education.
Combated Protestants with logic, faith, and hard work.
Became confessors and advisors to the kings.
Worldwide missionaries.

16. Religious Conflicts and Wars.
Wars were as much social and political as they were religious.
Civil War in France.
French Calvinists (Huguenots) and Catholic League.
Monarchy often a pawn of both sides and nobles.
Lasted 36 years.
Ended with a new dynasty in France.

17. Religious Conflicts and Wars.
Spanish Armada
War between Catholic Spain and Protestant England in 1588.
Spilled over from the conflict in the Netherlands.
Questions of the heir to the English throne.
Catholic Scottish Queen or Protestant Elizabeth.

18. Religious Conflicts and Wars
Protestant provinces of the Netherlands revolted against the rule of Catholic Spain.
Originally began as a revolt of all the Netherlands against Spain.
Eventually split the country into Catholic south (Belgium) and Protestant north (Holland).
Scottish Presbyterians revolt.
Expelled the Catholic Queen with England’s secret assistance.
Raised her kidnapped son as a Presbyterian.

19. Religious Conflicts and Wars
The Thirty Years’ War
Most destructive European war up until World War I.
Began as a local conflict in Bohemia.
Eventually involved most of Europe.
Devastated the Holy Roman Empire
Mainly the German states.
Lost 1/3 of the population.
The rise of Sweden and the Hapsburgs as a great powers.
Lowering Spain’s power.
Independence for Holland and Switzerland.
German was no longer “holy”, “Roman”, or an “empire”.

20. New Religious Map