1. Major animal diseases around the world and prevalence
Julio Pinto
Deputy Head
Animal Health Information Department
OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health)
Comments (with copyright) / Commentaires (soumis au Copyright) :
September 22, 2005, Vancouver (Canada)
IDF World Dairy Summit

2. CONTENTS OIE Objectives World Animal Health Information System
OIE Listed Diseases:
Transboundary animal diseases (FMD)
Important diseases from a public health perspective (Brucellosis, BSE and Tuberculosis)
Economic cattle diseases (IBR, BVD and Leucosis)
New World Animal Health Information System: Early Warning System and Monitoring
Transoundary animal diseases: FMD, RP, etc.. (National and International interest)
Production diseases: National and producers interest (zoonoses, loss of production or restrictions on products to international markets (semen, embrions, etc..)

3. OIE OBJECTIVES Transparency Scientific information
To ensure transparency in the worldwide animal health and zoonoses situation
Sanitary country status recognition
Scientific information
3. International Solidarity
Sanitary safety of world trade of animals and products
Promotion of Veterinary Services
Food safety and Animal welfare
Importance of transparency for the knowledge of the animal health situation world wide and disease status recognition: FMD-CBPP-BSE-RINDERPEST. For other diseases to follow the recommendations Terrestrial Animal Health Code.

4. OIE Animal Health Information System
New WAHIS

5. (always considering “worst case” scenario)
OIE-List of Diseases
Basic Criteria
(always considering “worst case” scenario)
Parameters (at least one “yes” answer means that the criterion has been met)
International Spread
Has international spread been proven on three or more occasions? OR
Are more than three countries with populations of susceptible animals free of the disease or facing impending freedom (based on Code provisions, especially Article 3.8.1)? OR
Do OIE annual reports indicate that a significant number of countries with susceptible populations have reported absence of the disease for several consecutive years?
Significant Spread within Naïve Populations
Does the disease exhibit significant mortality at the level of a country or compartment? AND/OR
Does the disease exhibit significant morbidity at the level of a country or compartment?
Zoonotic Potential
Has transmission to humans been proven? (with the exception of artificial circumstances) AND
Is human infection associated with severe consequences? (death or prolonged illness)
Emerging Diseases (A newly recognised pathogen or known pathogen behaving differently)
Is there rapid spread with morbidity/mortality and/or apparent zoonotic properties?
Criteria to include an animal disease into the OIE list

6. OIE-List of Diseases Multiple species diseases Anthrax
Aujeszky's disease
Bluetongue
Brucellosis (Brucella abortus)
Brucellosis (Brucella melitensis)
Brucellosis (Brucella suis)
Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever
Echinococcosis/hydatidosis
Foot and mouth disease
Heartwater
Japanese encephalitis
Leptospirosis
New world screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax)
Old world screwworm (Chrysomya bezziana)
Paratuberculosis
Q fever
Rabies
Rift Valley fever
Rinderpest
Tularemia
Vesicular stomatitis
West Nile fever.
OIE List of multiple species: some of them affect cattle. From next year for instance brucellosis is split into three new diseases (agent involved)

7. OIE-List of Diseases Cattle diseases Bovine anaplasmosis
Bovine babesiosis
Bovine genital campylobacteriosis
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Bovine tuberculosis
Bovine viral diarrhoea
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.
Enzootic bovine leukosis
Haemorrhagic septicaemia
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
Lumpy skin disease
Malignant catarrhal fever
Theileriosis
Trichomonosis
Trypanosomosis (tsetse-transmitted).
Cattle disaseses: New disease since 2005, BVD

8. FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
Endemic in some areas of Asia, Africa, the Middle East and South America
OIE official recognition procedures (country and zones)
: Significant epidemiological events
Brazil (serotype C)
Russia, China and Myanmar (serotype Asia 1)
Highly contagious diseases, last crisis in UK and worldwide distribution. Detection of serotype C in Brazil and Asia 1 in China and Russia are important epidemiological events in

9. FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
Risk for free countries and free zones from endemic areas: Southamerica-Asia and Africa

10. BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY
Cattle disease
One case in goats in France in 2004
Imported cattle in Falkland islands, Oman
and Canada before first indigenous case
Prevalence/Incidence
OIE official recognition procedures
BSE cases since 1987 in UK and then spread to other countries through imported infected animals or contaminated meat and bone meal. The incidence has decreased mainly in UK and active surveillance has been introduced especially in Europe since 1990.
Case of BSE in goats
OIE recommendations for surveillance of BSE (Code) and official procedure (Only 4 countries have been declared provisionally free (Singapour, Argentina, Uruguay and Iceland)

11. OIE dispose of specific information for BSE: Incidence of cases

12. BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY
High proportion of cases come from UK however when a case appeared in another country the impact is very high (high sensitivity to public health and consumer confidence)

13. BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY
Ireland, Portugal, France, Spain and Switzerland
New countries affected: USA

14. BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY
The incidence in UK, the main country affected has been reduced notably: ban of feed ruminants, elimination of SRM from abattoirs and active surveillance. The average age of cases is over 8 years.

15. BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY
Also in other countries affected there is a trend of reduction in the incidence per million of bovines aged over 24 months (animals at risk)

16. BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS Worldwide distribution
Well controlled in some developed countries (private financing)
In cattle, abortions, stillbirths, etc..
Worldwide distribution, reliable information from countries with a good surveillance system (public and private collaboration)

17. WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS IN 2004

18. BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS Widely distributed Zoonoses Free countries
Incidence/Prevalence in endemic countries

19. BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS Mycobacterium bovis Zoonoses
Role of wildlife as reservoir
Zoonoses, public health importance and eradication is difficult for the presence of natural reservoirs (Ireland (Badger), New Zealand (possum and ferrets), other regions (wildlife?)

20. DISTRIBUTION OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN 2004

21. ECONOMIC DISEASES OF CATTLE
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
Bovine virus diarrhoea/Mucosal disease (new OIE listed disease)
Enzootic bovine leukosis
Non OIE official recognition procedures
Diseases with an impact on production: milk production
Private interest: losses and restrictions in international markets (exports)

22. INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS
Bovine herpesvirus (BHV 1)
Cattle
World wide distribution

23. INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS
DISTRIBUTION OF INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS IN 2004

24. ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS
Subclinical infection
30-70% of the infected cattle develop lymphocitosis and only 0,1-10% develop tumours

25. ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS
WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS IN 2004

26. BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHOEA
New OIE listed disease in 2005
Endemic in several countries
Incidence/Prevalence
BVD virus prevalence has been reduced in Scandinavian countries from 40% to <1% in 11 years

27. BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHOEA
DISTRIBUTION OF BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHOEA (BVD) IN 2004

28. FINAL REMARKS
Huge importance of animal diseases in international trade
Huge importance of international standards for trade and surveillance to avoid animal disease crisis
Huge importance of the preparedness of comunnication with media
High quality veterinary surveillance including early detection and rapid response is essential to minimize and manage sanitary risks
OIE is working with 167 Member Countries and increasing the capabilities of national veterinary services we will increase the quality of animal disease control strategies at national/regional level

29. FINAL REMARKS
Diseases of National/Regional interest (Tuberculosis, Brucellosis)
Diseases of National/International interest (FMD, BSE)
Cooperation of veterinary services and private sector is key to improve the prevention, control and eradication of animal diseases (financing and the role of private practitioners)
Veterinary and Medical Services alliance for Public Veterinary Health (BSE, Brucellosis and Tuberculosis)
Control and eradication of animal diseases increase the health and welfare of animal population, the safety of international trade and confidence of consumers.
OIE is working with 167 Member Countries and increasing the capabilities of national veterinary services we will increase the quality of animal disease control strategies at national/regional level