1. Expanding and changing cities

2. Advantages of Cities
Urbanization = The increase in city size and population.
Most cities were in the Northeast, Pacific coast, and on waterways of the Midwest.
They were connected by railroad lines and became magnets for immigrants and rural Americans.

3. Advantages of Cities
Factory Jobs, new education opportunities, and a growing middle class.
Women = take in boarders, do piecework, become servants, and work in factories.
More entertainment, possibility to move to the middle class, and increase children’s education.

4. Cities grew rapidly Terrible Conditions GROWTH OF URBANIZATION
near raw materials
industrial areas
transportation routes.
Opportunities in the job market.
Terrible Conditions
Poor sanitary and living conditions
Tenement apartments
Sweathouses

5. Immigrants Move to Cities for Opportunities
Some may have went to cities to join family others may not.
Different regions and industries may have a majority of their workers from one particular place.
Ex: Steel mill workers in Pennsylvania were mostly Polish.
New York factories = Jewish
Pacific Northwest fishing industry = Scandinavians

6. Migration from Country to Cities
Farm technology decreases need for laborers; people move to cities
Many African Americans in South lose their livelihood
1890–1910, move to cities in North, West to escape racial violence
Find segregation, discrimination in North too
Competition for jobs between blacks, white immigrants causes tension
The move to factory work was hard on famers because they now had to face a boss’s restrictions and rules and be confined to a factory and not be outdoors.

8. Engineers Build Skyward
Skyscrapers = 10 story and taller buildings that had steel frames.
Provided office space for cities that had no more room left on the ground.
Elisha Otis = Developed safety elevator that would not fall if the lifting rope broke.
The American Institute of Architecture-1857
Required education and licensing to become and architect.
Built schools, libraries, train stations, residents and office buildings.

11. Electricity Powers Urban Transit
Mass Transit = Public transportation systems that could carry large numbers of people inexpensively.
First commuter trains were dirty, slow, and unreliable. (Coal Powered)
Horse pulled trolleys were slow as well.
Electricity was clean, quiet, and efficient.

12. Electricity and Mass Transit
Electric street cars were reliable and could carry more people than horse carts.
Electric cable cars did have problems:
The cables used to run the cars could block fire trucks, and traffic congestion blocked them from running on schedule.
Boston = first subway system in NYC followed in
Growth of suburbs for those who could afford transit fares away from the city.

14. City Planners Control Growth
As cities grew architectural firms expanded to offer city planning services to make cities more functional and beautiful.
Cities were zoned for different uses. (residential, industrial and financial)
Parks, boulevards, buildings and electric street lights were a few of the new developments.
Frederick Law Olmstead = Designed Philadelphia’s Fairmount Park, NYC’s Central Park, and similar parks in Detroit, Washington D.C., and California.

16. Housing Conditions
Tenements = Low cost multifamily housing designed to fit in as many families as possible.
Tenements were not clean, had little windows, poor ventilation, and were dangerous.

17. Living Conditions

18. Urban Living Conditions

22. Water and Sanitation Water Sanitation
1860s cities have inadequate or no piped water, indoor plumbing rare
Filtration introduced 1870s, chlorination in 1908
Sanitation
Streets: manure, open gutters, factory smoke, poor trash collection
Contractors hired to sweep streets, collect garbage, clean outhouses often do not do job properly
By 1900, cities develop sewer lines, create sanitation departments

24. Fire and Crime Crime As population grows, thieves flourish
Early police forces too small to be effective
Fire
Fire hazards: limited water, wood houses, candles, kerosene heaters
Most firefighters volunteers, not always available
1900, most cities have full-time, professional fire departments
Fire sprinklers, non-flammable building materials make cities safer

25. 1871 Chicago fire killed nearly 300 people and left more than 100,000 homeless.
Police officers in 1900s.