1. Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life
Chapter 1

2. What is Life?
Evolutionary adaptation

3. Emergent Properties
Due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases
Each property emerges from new evolutionary novelties that were not present at simpler levels of organization

4. Levels of Organization

5. Exchange of Matter and Energy
Ecosystem dynamics
2 processes
Nutrient cycling
One way flow of energy
Energy conversion- one
of energy is converted to
another for use in moving,
growing, reproducing…

6. Relationship of structure to function
Form fits function
Analyzing a biological structure gives an idea about its function
Ex. Leaf
Knowing the function of something gives an idea about its construction
Ex. Bird wing

7. Form Fits Function

8. Cells: basic units of structure and function
Prokaryotic cell
typically bacteria and archaea
no nucleus to enclose DNA
no organelles
Eukaryotic cell
found in all other living
organisms
Nucleus
DNA organized
into chromosomes
membrane bound organelles

9. Continuity of Life DNA structure and function
Controls development and maintenance of entire organism
Molecular structure of DNA accounts for its ability to store information
Genes control protein production

10. Regulation Feedback mechanisms
Positive feedback-product stimulates an enzyme in the reaction sequence, increasing the rate of production of the product

11. Regulation
Negative feedback-accumulation of a final product inhibits an earlier enzyme in the sequence of reaction, slowing down the reaction

12. Evolution: Core Theme Accounts for the unity and diversity of life
Organizing the diversity of life
Grouped based on similarities
Domains, Kingdoms, Phyla, etc.

13. Three Domains Domain Bacteria Most diverse and widespread prokaryotes
Multiple kingdoms

14. Three Domains Domain Archaea
Prokaryotes living in extreme environments
Ex: salty lakes, boiling hot springs
Multiple kingdoms

15. Three Domains Domain Eukarya Protists
Multiple kingdoms-Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Unicellular eukaryotes and simple multicellular relatives

16. Three Domains Domain Eukarya Kingdom Fungi
Absorbs nutrients from their
surroundings

17. Three Domains Domain Eukarya Kingdom Plantae Multicellular eukaryotes
that carry out
photosynthesis

18. Three Domains Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Multicellular
eukaryotes that
ingest other
organisms

19. Evolution Charles Darwin and Natural Selection
Descent with modification
Adaptive radiation of finches on the Galapagos Islands

20. Inquiry Discovery Science Types of Data Inductive reasoning
Describes natural structures and processes as accurately as possible through careful observation and analysis of data
Types of Data
Qualitative-descriptions
Quantitative-measurements
Inductive reasoning
Derive generalizations from specific observations

21. Inquiry Hypothesis-Based Science
Hypothesis-tentative answer to a well framed question
If-Then format
Deductive reasoning-general premise leads to specific results if the premise is true

22. Hypothesis Must be testable Must be falsifiable
Check validity of the idea
Must be falsifiable
Must be some observation or experiment that could reveal if an idea is not true

23. Controlled experiments
Experimental and control groups differ in only one factor
Observations and experimental results must be repeatable

24. Theory Much broader in scope than a hypothesis
General enough to spin off new specific hypotheses to be tested
Supported by a greater body of evidence than a hypothesis

25. Science, technology and society
Cooperation and competition in the scientific culture
Science and technology are associated
Technology often results from scientific discoveries
Scientific discoveries often emerge from the development of new technologies

26. Science, technology and society
The microscope led to an understanding of the cellular basis of life
Watson and Crick’s discovery of DNA structure led to technological breakthroughs.