1. ORGANELLE PACKET

2. Today’ Organelle: Chloroplast
Macromolecule involved: Carbohydrates-
Major Process discussed: Photosynthesis-
Connection: Carbohydrates are formed during photosynthesis. To create these sugars covalent bonds are formed- strong bonds= more energy.

3. The Specifics: Who
Who: Autotrophic Cells-Can you remember what these are?
Cells that can harness energy from the sun to create their own tissue and chemical energy
Plants, algae, and some bacteria

4. Where Photosynthesis happens in the mesophyll cells
Photosynthesis happens in the leaves of plants
The chloroplasts are the organelles inside the mesophyll cells where photosynthesis occurs

5. Where
Photosynthesis Occurs in the thylakoid membrane and stroma of the chloroplast

6. Leaf Anatomy Waxy cuticle Epidermal cells Xylem- water tube
Mesophyll Cells
Phloem- food tube
Guard Cells
Stomata

7. What
Photosynthesis: Using solar energy, autotrophs can capture and fix carbon in the atmosphere to create sugar for energy.
Oxygen is a byproduct or waste product for this process
Photosynthesis is ANABOLIC- BUILDING
CO2 + H2O O2 + C6H12O6

8. What- Cont. CO2 + H2O O2 + C6H12O6
Photosynthesis can be broken down into 2 basic steps
THE LIGHT REACTION: In the thylakoid membranes
THE DARK REACTION: In the Stroma

9. CO2 +H2O  C6H12O6 + O6 Enters Stomata Leaves Stomata
Reaches leaves from roots through xylem
Passed to plant through Phloem
CO2-atmosphere
H2O
Light energy (sun)
ATP
NADH
ADP
NAD
Oxygen
Sugar

11. Dark/ Calvin Benson cycle
CO2
RuBP- and enzyme Rubisco
ATP
Glucose

12. When
The Light Reactions of photosynthesis can only occur during the day when light is available
The Dark reactions are ongoing day and night

13. Mini-Lab
Observing the stomata of spinach leaves

14. Today’ Organelle: Mitochondria
Macromolecule involved: Carbohydrates/Nucleotides
(some lipids and proteins as well)
Major Process discussed: Cellular Respiration
Connection: Carbohydrates are broken down to gain energy. Energy is in the form of ATP- a Nucleotide relative

15. Who:
All Eukaryotic Organisms that have organelles and therefore mitochondria perform cellular respiration
Prokaryotes that do not have mitochondria can not perform cellular respiration and must therefore perform FERMENATION
that’s how you get beer and achy muscles.

16. ATP- The currency of the cell
NADH- Transfers Electrons to make 3 ATPs
FADH2- Transfers Electrons to make 2 ATPs

17. NADH- Transfers Electrons to make 3 ATPs
FADH2- Transfers Electrons to make 2 ATPs

18. What
Cellular Respiration is CATABOLIC- it Breaks down sugars to create energy
Cellular Respiration is the process by which organisms break down sugar in the presence of oxygen to create cellular energy in the form of ATP
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O

19. What- an Overview Glycolysis Oxidative (ETC) Kreb Cycle
Phosphorylation
Kreb Cycle
Cytosol
Mitochondrial membrane
Inner matrix

20. What- Step 1 Glycolysis (cutting sugar)

21. Summary of Glycolysis
1. One glucose (6C) converted into 2 pyruvates (3C).
2. Net yield of 2 ATP for use by cell.
3. Two NAD+ are converted into 2 NADH & 2H+. (These go to Electron Transport.)

22. Goes around 2xs…1/pyruvate
What- The Kreb Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle
Goes around 2xs…1/pyruvate

23. Oxidative Phosphorylation- the ETC

24. LAB-CELLULAR/PHOTOLAB

25. Today’ Organelle: Cell Membrane
Macromolecule involved: Proteins and Lipids
Major Process discussed: Osmosis and Active Transport
Connection: The cell membrane is made of proteins and lipids. Ions- formed from broken ionic bonds must enter the membrane via transport.

26. LAB-Osmosis and elodea lab

27. Lab- Iodine Osmosis lab
1. Question 1: How does Concentration affect the extent of diffusion of an iodine through a membrane?
Hypothesis- IF THEN BECAUSE
2. Question 2: How does temperature of a solution affect the rate of diffusion of iodine through a membrane?

28. Directions Create Solutions A B and C.
WARNING- IODINE STAINS CLOTHES AND SKIN AND IS SOMEWHAT TOXIC TO THE TASTE.
A- 2 tsp of Iodine: 1 Cup of water
B- 1 tsp iodine: 1 Cup of water
C- ½ tsp iodine: 1 Cup of water

29. Today’ Organelle: Nucleus
Macromolecule involved: Nucleic Acids & Proteins
Major Process discussed: CENTRAL DOGMA
Replication, Transcription, Translation
Connection: The Nucleus of the cell protects the DNA, copies it into RNA and use RNA to make proteins

30. Who
All Eukaryotic cells they have a nucleus to protect their DNA

31. What
Replication- DNA is copied (doubled) to create a new cell with identical information
Transcription- DNA is copied to make RNA to leave the nucleus to make proteins
Translation- RNA is read by a Ribosome to create the proteins for the body

32. Where Replication- Can only Happen in the Nucleus
Transcription- Can only Happen in the Nucleus
Translation- outside of the nucleus in the cytoplasm by Ribosomes