1. EXPLORATION

2. EXPLORATION WHAT DO YOU THINK SPURRED LATE 1400’S EXPLORATION? SPICES
PEPPER $ OUNCES -ANCIENT ROMANS

3. EUROPEAN EXPLORATION TRADE HAD BEEN DISRUPTED DUE TO:
BLACK DEATH
BREAK UP OF MONGOL EMPIRE
AFTER THE BLACK DEATH - CINNAMON, CLOVES, NUTMEG, AND PEPPER
USES:
PRESERVE FOOD
ADD FLAVOR TO DRIED AND SALTED MEATS
MAKE MEDICINES AND PERFUMES

4. EUROPEAN EXPLORATION MOLUCCAS - CALLED “SPICE ISLAND”
GREATEST SOURCE FOR EUROPEANS
MOTIVATION FOR EXPLORATION
MUSLIMS CONTROLLED SPICE TRADE
RENAISSANCE THINKING (QUEST FOR KNOWLEDGE)

6. IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY MADE SEA TRAVEL EASIER CARTOGRAPHERS (MAP MAKERS)
ASTROLABE (DETERMINE LATITUDE)
LARGER AND BETTER SHIPS
CARAVEL (SQUARE AND TRIANGULAR SAILS)
STERNPOST RUDDER
NUMEROUS MASTS
MORE WEAPONS INCLUDING CANNONS

8. PORTUGUESE LED THE WAY HENRY THE NAVIGATOR (MID 1400’S)
CHRISTIANITY
GOLD
WESTERN COAST OF AFRICA
BARTHOLUMEU DIAS (1488)
SOUTHERN TIP OF AFRICA (CALLED IT THE CAPE OF STORMS)
CAPE OF GOOD HOPE

9. DIAS

10. PORTUGUESE EXPLORATION
VASCO DA GAMA (1497)
CAPE OF GOOD HOPE TO INDIA
MANY SHIPS LOST AND SAILORS DIED
SUCCESSFUL = SOLD SPICES FOR A 3,000% PROFIT
ESTABLISHED A PROFITABLE TRADING EMPIRE
PORTUGUESE SEIZED KEY TRADING PORTS AROUND THE INDIAN OCEAN

11. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS KNEW THE EARTH WAS ROUND
FEW WEEKS TO REACH THE INDIES (PRESENT DAY INDONESIA)
2 ERRORS
UNDERESTIMATED SIZE OF EARTH
NO IDEA THAT 2 CONTINENTS LAID IN HIS PATH
PORTUGUESE BACKING - A NEW SEA ROUTE TO INDIA - FAILED

12. COLUMBUS ISABELLE AND FERDINAND OF SPAIN TO FINANCE TRIP
1492 SPAIN DROVE MUSLIMS - WERE LOOKING FOR MORE WEALTH
SPREAD CHRISTIANITY

13. COLUMBUS AUGUST 3, 1492 SET SAIL WITH 3 SHIPS NINA, PINTA, SANTA MARIA
OCTOBER 12, 1492 – LAND WAS SIGHTED
THOUGHT HE REACHED THE INDIES (CALLED PEOPLE INDIANS)
RETURNED SEVERAL TIMES
STILL THOUGHT IN EAST ASIA
LATER – OTHERS REALIZED HE HAD LANDED ON A NEW CONTINENT

14. LINE OF DEMARCATION “TREATY OF TORDESILLAS”
ESTABLISHED DUE TO SPAIN AND PORTUGAL RIVAL CLAIMS TO LAND
EAST OF LINE – PORTUGAL
WEST - SPAIN

15. AMERIGO VESPUCCI ITALIAN EXPLORER SAILED FOR SPAIN AND PORTUGAL
REALIZED IT WAS NOT ASIA
“AMERICA”

16. OTHER EXPLORERS HENRY HUDSON (1609) NETHERLANDS AND ENGLAND
LOOKED FOR A PASSAGE THROUGH THE AMERICAS
EXPLORED THE HUDSON RIVER

17. OTHER EXPLORERS HERNAN CORTES (1519) SPAIN
CONQUISTADOR IN SEARCH OF GOLD
LANDED IN MEXICO
TALKED WITH AZTEC KING
SPAIN CONTROLLED MEXICO AND AZTEC EMPIRE CRUMBLED

18. Scientific Revolution
Mid 1500’s = Ptolemy – Earth = center of U.
1543 – Copernicus = heliocentric theory
Most “experts” rejected this idea
Brahe and Kepler prove it later
Galileo – w/telescope, observed movements of planets/moons
Christian teachings = heavens are fixed
Inquisition – recanted (“It does move”)

19. It does move!

20. Scientific method – step by step process of discovery
Based on research not Bible or religious teachings
Newton –
-Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
*Gravity
-Calculus

21. Legacy… Advancements in many fields… Astronomy Physics Chemistry
Medicine
Math
Etc.