1. Final Test.
Part A. Respond to one of the following. Support your arguments with specific examples and cite your source:
1) What factors contributed to the abysmal performance of the French army in 1940?
2) By 1941 the Wehrmacht had been fully integrated into the National-Socialist ideological mainstream. What were the main driving forces of this integration?
3) In what way did the Allied bombing campaign against Germany reflect the totality of the Second World War?
4) The German anti-partisan operations in the Soviet Union were marked by extreme brutality. What were its main causes?
Part B. In your opinion, what aspect of the Algerian War of Independence does The Battle of Algiers portray most convincingly? Support your arguments with specific examples and cite 2 sources.
Possible topics of analysis:
* success or failure of counter-insurgency warfare
* successful terrorist campaign
* determination of people who fight for liberation
* French military victory vs political defeat

2. History 348 Film Response Paper 2 (1 single-spaced page)
History 348 Film Response Paper 2 (1 single-spaced page). Cite 2-3 sources.
Analyze the film All Quiet on the Western Front in the context of the following question: “The Great War demonstrated that plans and expectations of a modern war could be fatally deceptive. Why?”
Possible topics of analysis:
collision between modern technology and outmoded military tactics
discrepancy between patriotic idealism and the reality of war
incompetence or inflexibility of the top command
the limited capacity of a normal human body and mind to face a large-scale industrial war

3. Test 2. Write a comprehensive essay in response to one of the following (70 points). Cite 2-3 sources. In your opinion, which aspect of the American Civil War comes closest to the definition of “total war” (see the guidelines)? 1. Most ruthless management of economy   2. Drive for a total annihilation of the enemy resources   3. The “scorched-earth” policy   4. Mobilization of most available manpower   5. Blurring or elimination of the traditional “soldier”-“civilian” barrier   6. Militarism (the imposition of the military values and customs upon civilian society)

4. History 348 Quiz 2.
Write 2 short essays about the Hundred-Years War. Cite 2-3 assigned sources.
1. The English had won great victories, but eventually lost the war. Why? Support your assertions with specific examples.
2. How adequate (if at all) was medieval economy to sustain the war? Support your assertions with specific examples.
3. How effective (if at all) was the “living off the land” warfare? Support your assertions with specific examples.
4. In many ways, war reflects societal values and norms. What does the war tell us about English or French society (political organization, social relations, economy, national mentality, etc.)? Support your assertions with specific examples.
5. The war was marked by extreme violence on both sides. In your opinion, what were its prime causes? Support your assertions with specific examples.
6. What were the major ramifications of the conflict? Support your assertions with specific examples.

5. Test 1. Part A. Locate the territories that were conquered by the Mongols and identify their modern capitals (30 points): Korea, Burma, China,Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, Turkey, Georgia, Ukraine, Poland, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria. Part B. Write a comprehensive essay in response to one of the following questions (70 points): 1. In your opinion, what were the main sources of the Mongol military effectiveness? Support your assertions with specific examples and cite 2-3 sources. 2. Military scientists stress the need of supreme political organization for achieving military supremacy. And yet, the Mongols achieved military supremacy on the basis of a primitive political organization. How do you explain this discrepancy? Support your assertions with specific examples and cite 2-3 sources In your opinion, what were the main ramifications of Mongol conquests? Support your assertions with specific examples and cite 2-3 sources. 4. Some historians argue that Mongols’ successes emanated less from their military efficiency and much more from the political fragmentation and unpreparedness of their enemies. In your opinion, how convicing is such argument? Support your assertions with specific examples and cite 2-3 sources.

6. Film review 1 (see the guidelines): Ridley Scott’s “Kingdom of Heaven” is a fictional story of the Crusades. In your opinion, what episode or theme of the film offers the most accurate depiction of the Crusading warfare?   Potential topics for analysis^ :   * Crusades’ driving forces (religion, greed , personal power, other)   * Causes of extreme violence (“Holy War,” battle fatigue, loose discipline, other)   * Advantages or deficiencies in military organization (strategy, tactics, numbers, other) * Social make-up of the Crusaders * Role of the leadership   * Role of the Church   * Impact of the Crusades ^ You can choose your own topic upon the consultation with the instructor

7. QUIZ 1. Write short essays in response to the following questions: 1
QUIZ 1. Write short essays in response to the following questions: 1. In your opinion, what were the main driving forces of Roman conquests? 2. In your opinion, why had the Roman military machine proved so successful? 3. Among many ramifications of Roman conquests, which one do you consider the most profound? 4. Historians often argue that “war made Rome.” In your opinion, what do they mean?

8. Locate and identify the state- belligerents of the 100-Year War and their capitals: France England Scotland Burgundy Castile Aquitaine Genoa Portugal Majorca Navarre Bohemia Flanders Aragon Luxemburg Brittany Holy Roman Empire

9. History 348 Test 1
Analyze the novel Agincourt in the context of one of the following questions/statements:
1. According to the novel, how close (if at all) was the 100-Years War to the definition of a “total war” (see the definition below)? Support your assertions with specific examples.
2. According to the novel, to what extent (if at all) the motto “war should pay for itself” applies to the 100-Years War? Support your assertions with specific examples.
3. According to the novel, to what extent the following thesis is true?
“Violence in the 100-Years emanated from the contemporary social norms, which emphasized chivalric conduct towards the men of war and placed little weight on the sufferings of non-combatants.” Support your assertions with specific examples.

10. "Total war" is a conflict of unlimited scope in which a belligerent engages in a total mobilization of its available resources (human, industrial, agricultural, military, natural, technological, or otherwise) in order to entirely destroy a rival, or remove its rival's capacity to continue resistance. In a total war, there is less differentiation between combatants and civilians than in other conflicts, and sometimes no such differentiation at all, as nearly every human resource, civilians and soldiers alike, can be considered to be part of the belligerent effort.

11. Why? Support your assertions with specific examples.
Response Paper 1 (1 single-spaced page)
In your opinion, what was the most impactful feature of the Napoleonic Wars:
- politics
- ideology
- economy
- strategy
- war crimes
- social relations
Why? Support your assertions with specific examples.

12. Respond to one of the following (1 single-spaced page):
Short Paper 2.
Respond to one of the following (1 single-spaced page):
The American Civil War was a “war of the people,” not a “war of the armies.” Support your assertions with specific examples.
The American Civil War was a “war of economies” and the strongest economy eventually prevailed. Support your assertions with specific examples.
C. In your opinion, what was the American Civil War about:
emancipation; ideology, national identity; city vs. countryside conflict. Support your assertions with specific examples.

13. History 348 Source analysis (3 double-spaced pages).
Analyze and compare the film “Joyeux Noël” and the novel All Quiet on the Western Front in the context of the following statements. In what way (if at all), one source is more convincing than the other?
1. “not only did World War I wipe out the whole generations of young Europeans, but it also destroyed morally, spiritually, and psychologically those who had survived.” Support your assertions with specific examples.
2. The Great War reflected the inflexibility and myopia of all military and political establishments, whose perceptions of war reflected their social values and position of power. Support your assertions with specific examples.

14. Final Test. Respond to two questions, one in regards to Europe and one to Asia:
1) Analyze one country’s war efforts within the context of the following statement: “of all the ambitions that men cherish, those that depend on the destiny of arms are the most uncertain.” Support your arguments with specific examples.
2) World War II collaboration and resistance were driven by a variety of motives: personal ambitions, human greed and propensity to violence, and deep-rooted ideological rifts within occupied societies. Support your assertions with specific examples.
3) What were the main reasons for the Axis powers’ early successes in ? Support your assertions with specific examples.
4) World War II made it obvious that war crimes are extremely ambiguous concepts. Hence, any act committed in the name of one’s country should be considered a regular feature of warfare and not liable for prosecution. Support your arguments with specific examples.
5) Analyze the reasons for success or failure in a decisive battle of World War II. Support your argument with specific examples.
6) Can we say that economy was the main factor that contributed to the Allied victory in World War II? Support your argument with specific examples.