1. What blood types are there?
What is blood?
Functions of blood?
What is it made of?
What blood types are there?

2. What is BLOOD? Liquid Connective Tissue Made up of 2 parts
45% Formed Elements [RBC, WBC, Platelets]
55% Plasma [ Intercellular fluid]
How much blood do we have in our body? 5 L which varies by age, sex, water balance

3. Functions of Blood Transport- nutrients, electrolytes, water
gases [O2, CO2], waste, hormones
Protection- defense against foreign agents [WBCs- remove pathogens, platelets- clot ]
Regulation- chemical buffers [pH 7.4, acid/base balance], temp-conduct heat from core to exterior via lungs/skin }}

4. What is Blood made of? Plasma- [55%] 3.5 L of adult body wt
92% water
8% protein, nutrients, electrolytes, gases, hormones, enzymes, vitamins, waste
Formed Elements- [45%] cells
WBCs, RBCs, platelets

6. Hematocrit- packed cell volume of solids [RBCs] in a given amount of blood
RBCs increase with dehydration
Expressed as a %
Males= ave. 47%
Females= ave. 42&
Children= 38-49%

9. Hematopoesis-Blood Cell Formation
30 Trillion cells which is a constant #
Location- Stem Cells in Bone Marrow
4 TYPES:
RBCs
Platelets
WBC [mono/granulocytes]
WBC [lymphocytes- T & B]

11. Erythropoesis- RBC formation
Leukopoesis- WBC formation
What is platelet formation called?
THROMBOPOESIS

12. RBC aka Erythrocytes Make up 95% of formed elements Biconcave discs
Transport respiratory gases (O 2 and CO 2)
No mitochondria, no nucleus
b/f birth – formed in the liver, spleen, yolk sac
after birth – formed in the bone marrow
B vitamins, Iron (Fe) needed in diet to make Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin – iron-based protein compound
Live for 120 days

14. Erythropoesis- RBC formation
Erythropoetin- [EPO] hormone released from the liver and kidney to stimulate red bone marrow to create RBCs.
High Altitudes? What happens?
Air thins= decrease O2

16. Pathologies
Anemia- decrease in the # RBCs or ability to carry O2

17. Sickle Cell Anemia-
Shape of RBC is sickle-shaped
Genetic
Mediteranian and Af. American
Decrease amt O2 carried
Joint pain/swelling
B vitamin needed for Fe production

18. WBCs aka Leukocytes Effective in fighting disease Agranulocytes
Specific to certain infections

19. Platelets aka Thrombocytes
Fragments of megakaryocytes
No nucleus
Play a role in hemostasis (stopping blood loss)

20. Hemostasis-Prevent Blood Loss
Step 1 – Smooth muscle spasm of blood vessel wall
Step 2 – Platelet plug formation
Step 3 – Coagulation

22. Coagulation Tissue damage causes the release of –
Thromboplastin (from vessel wall and platelets)
converts, with the help of calcium)
Prothrombin Thrombin (an enzyme, helps)
(a protein in to convert)
the plasma)
Fibrinogen Fibrin
(a protein in (Long strands
the plasma) of protein)

24. Clotting Conditions
Hemophilia- inability to clot, missing a clotting factor # 8
Thrombus-unwanted clots
Embolus- thrombus that breaks away
Lead to stroke or heart attack

25. Blood Types [A, B, AB, O] Antigen: Protein found on SURFACE of RBC
Two types: Antigen A and Antigen B
Antigen present gives blood type
Antibody: Protein found IN PLASMA
Two types : Anti A and Anti B

27. Agglutination- process during transfusion when the antibody [plasma] of the donor and the antigen [RBC] of recipient are NOT compatable.
RBCs clump

29. Blood Compatability

31. AB + = Universal Recipient
O- = Universal Donor

32. Rh System Based on the Rhesus Monkey
Antigen on RBC surface [D Antigen]
D is present = Rh +
D absent = Rh –
Rh+ CAN ONLY GIVE to Rh+
Rh- CAN GIVE TO BOTH + and -
** Antibodies in plasma are NOT automatically present…..so exposure of Rh+ person to a Rh-blood will produce Anti-Rh [D] antibodies.
Sensitization: Rh- builds up antibodies [anti-Rh] against Rh+.

34. Erythroblastosis Fetalis- damage to organs[brain] in fetus; goes after RBCs
First child born Rh+ = okay
Mom builds up antibodies against Rh+
--blood crosses the placenta to mom
RhOGam is given to mom after 1st Rh+ child to prevent Rh+ antibody build up
Second child born Rh+ = okay if mom given RhOGam
--not okay if no RhOGam, antibodies cross placenta and attack RBCs of fetus