1. In your homework stamp sheet (orange), write:
9/12 Reading for Comp. ws *Have your homework out on your desk.

2. Warmup Open your Bio Notebook to the “Questions” page (page 7)
Answer the following questions in complete sentences (on the top half of the page):
After reading over the Learning Targets for Unit 1:
What do I know about the topics in this unit?
What have I heard about these topics?
What can I add with help from my partner?
What do I want to learn about these topics?
What kind of jobs do I think you can get that require mastery of the content of this unit?

3. Read section 1-2 in your textbook
Homework
Finish “Let’s Graph”
Read section 1-2 in your textbook
Write down two main ideas
Define vocabulary terms in your own words

4. Scientific Investigations

5. Goal of Science
Organized way to investigate and understand the natural world
To seek the truth in an objective and evidence-based manner
Scientia (Latin) - “knowledge” or “to know”

6. Observation vs. Inference
Data we can take in through our senses.
Very important to all steps of the scientific method
Important that one take good observations and measurements
Inference
What we can figure out from that data.

7. Observation
Ohh… This liquid is green and it is leaking from a brown can. I also smell it.
Observation: when studying something describe only facts that you can see, touch, smell and hear. You are not making any guesses.
THIS IS NOT AN
OPINION!!

8. THIS CAN BE A SCIENTIFIC OPINION
Inference
Based on my observations, I think that this can is old and is leaking a toxic substance.
Inference: using your observations to make a guess about an object or an outcome
THIS CAN BE A SCIENTIFIC OPINION

9. Group Practice Give 2 observation on the following:
Give 2 inferences on the following:

10. Scientific Design “Scientific Process”
An organized process scientists use which depends on:
proposing a TESTABLE hypothesis
Designing a CONTROLLED experiment which can be repeated
Gathering OBSERVABLE, EMPIRICAL, and MEASURABLE data
Composing an evidence-based conclusion after the analysis of that data
No ONE way to do the “scientific method”
Reduce bias on the part of the scientist
Bias- scientist may have a preference of one result over another

11. 9/13/11 Warmup
You want to know if a new brand of yeast will make your bread rise more. How do you test this? What do you include in your experiment?
**What is DRY MIX?

12. “Scientific Process” Steps:
QUESTION/PROBLEM- based on observations
HYPOTHESIS- statement about the relationship between 2 things
TESTING- controlled experiment or observations.
RESULTS- analyze your qualitative and quantitative data
CONCLUSION- confirm/reject your hypothesis; draw up significance of your results
Report findings to others so they can repeat the experiment.

13. Important terms: Important terms:
Independent (manipulated) variable (IV): condition or event under study, what you change (manipulate) in the study
Dependent (responding) variable (DV): condition that could change under the influence of the independent variable (measure this)
Controlled variables (CV): conditions which could affect the outcome of the experiment so they must be held constant (unchanged) among groups.

14. Variables: Independent vs. Dependent
Introduced , “new” condition
Intentionally manipulated
Controlled
Cause
AKA: manipulated variable
Expected to change in response to IV
Intentionally left alone
Measured
Effect
AKA: responding variable
Controlled variables: kept the same among all groups, so that they don’t affect the results

15. Scientific Method Make observation Ask question Develop hypothesis
Test hypothesis
with an
experiment
Test hypothesis
with further
experiments
Revise
hypothesis
Analyze data
and draw
conclusions
Hypothesis: all objects fall when dropped
Test this by dropping objects
Each object we drop is a test of our prediction, the more successful tests the more confidence in our hypothesis
What if we drop a helium balloon?
What if we drop something in the space shuttle in space?
These are clear exceptions to our original hypothesis-does this make our hypothesis invalid?
Hypothesis IS
supported
Hypothesis
is NOT
supported
Develop
theory
Wysession, Frank, Yancopoulos,
Physical Science Concepts in Action, 2004, page 8

16. Important terms (ctd.)
experimental group: group(s) subjected to the independent variable
control group: group not subjected to the independent variable, used as measuring stick, represents normal, usual conditions, no independent variable in this group. DIFFERENT FROM CONTROLLED VARIABLES.
reproducibility: producing the same result consistently to verify result. Procedures should describe your experimental design in enough detail for others to perform the same experiment in the exact manner.

17. 9/14
In orange HW sheet:
9/14 Sponge Bob WS
Warmup

18. 9/13 Warmup: CAN YOU SPOT THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD?
A. recognize a problem C. test the hypothesis with an experiment
B. form a hypothesis D. draw conclusions
_____1. Stephen predicted that seeds would grow faster if an electric current traveled through the soil in which they were planted
_____2. Susan said, “If I fertilize my geranium plants, they will blossom.
_____3. Rene grew bacteria from the mouth on special plates in the lab. She placed drops of different mouthwashes on bacteria of each plate.
_____4. Dana wanted to know how synthetic fibers were different from natural fibers.
_____5. Kathy used a survey to determine how many of her classmates were left-handed and how many were right-handed.
_____6. Jonathan’s data showed that household cockroaches moved away from raw cucumber slices.
_____7. Michael fed different diets to three groups of guinea pigs. His experiment showed that guinea pigs need vitamin C and protein in their diets.
____8. Bob read about growing plants in water. He wanted to know how plants could grow without soil.

19. About hypotheses… Must be TESTABLE Relates two variables
“If…then…because”
IF a variable (IV) is manipulated a certain way, THEN another variable (DV) will respond this way BECAUSE of this reason.
Forces you to think about what results in an experiment will look like
SUPPORT or REJECTED!!

20. Choose two and write a plausible hypothesis from these predictions…
Chocolate may cause pimples.
Salt in soil may affect plant growth.
Plant growth may be affected by the color of the light.
Bacterial growth may be affected by temperature.
Ultra violet light may cause skin cancer.
Temperature may cause leaves to change color.
Write in “If… then… because…” form

21. Do students who get more sleep perform better in school?
Design an investigation.
Question
Hypothesis
Experiment
Identify:
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Variables that must be controlled
Experimental group
Control group
What data will you collect?
Qualitative
Quantitative (Draw a table)

22. Theories and Laws What is the difference? HYPOTHESIS: THEORY:
Educated guess, based on observations, testable
Limited statement regarding cause and effect in a specific situation
“My car does not start because the battery is low…”
THEORY:
Explanation that is accepted as true based on evidence to date. There is enough evidence to accept a group of hypotheses
Can be shown to be false if evidence disputes
Explains WHY something occurs
Theory: a description of the world that covers a relatively large number of phenomena and has met many observational and experimental tests
Law of Nature: theory (or group of theories) that has been tested extensively and seems to apply everywhere in the universe-they become part of the conceptual framework of a particular field

23. Scientific Method Make observation Ask question Develop hypothesis
Test hypothesis
with an
experiment
Test hypothesis
with further
experiments
Revise
hypothesis
Analyze data
and draw
conclusions
Hypothesis: all objects fall when dropped
Test this by dropping objects
Each object we drop is a test of our prediction, the more successful tests the more confidence in our hypothesis
What if we drop a helium balloon?
What if we drop something in the space shuttle in space?
These are clear exceptions to our original hypothesis-does this make our hypothesis invalid?
Hypothesis IS
supported
Hypothesis
is NOT
supported
Develop
theory
Wysession, Frank, Yancopoulos,
Physical Science Concepts in Action, 2004, page 8

24. Homework tonight Study for your quiz tomorrow Read section 1-3
Sections 1-1, 1-2, 1-3
Read section 1-3