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Effects of Controls The Flight Training Manual - Section 4
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Objectives To operate the primary control surfaces and to experience the feel and observe the first aerodynamic effect on the aircraft in flight. To operate the primary control surfaces and observe the further (or secondary) aerodynamic effect on the aircraft in flight. To operate the ancillary controls and to experience the feel and observe the effect on the aircraft in flight.
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Aeroplane Axes Lift Primary Controls Ancillary Controls Inertia
Principles of Flight Aeroplane Axes Lift Primary Controls Ancillary Controls Inertia
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Axes – Lateral Lateral Elevator Pitch Up Pitch Down
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Axes – Longitudinal Roll Left Ailerons Roll Right Roll Right Roll Left
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Axes – Normal Rudder Normal Yaw Right Yaw Left
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Lift – Associated Terminology
Chord Chord Line AOA RAF Aerofoil
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Lift – Newton’s Third Law
An aerofoil generates lift by exerting a downward force on the air as it flows past. According to Newton's third law, the air must exert an equal and opposite (upward) force on the aerofoil, which is the lift.
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Lift – Bernoulli’s Theorem
The sum of energies of a streamlined flow of an ideal fluid remain constant The faster the velocity, the lower the pressure.
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Lift – Bernoulli’s Theorem
As air flows over the wing, the increased speed above the wing results in reduced pressure = Lift
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Lift – Increase We can increase the Lift by: Increasing the airspeed
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Lift – Altering We can alter the Lift by: Changing the Angle of Attack
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Lift – Alter We can alter the Lift by: Changing the shape of the wing
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Primary Controls
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Primary Controls – Elevator
Pitch Up Pitch Down Changes Attitude and Airspeed
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Primary Controls – Ailerons
Roll Left Ailerons Roll Right Roll Right Roll Left Changes Direction
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Primary Controls – Rudder
Yaw Right Yaw Left Maintain Balanced Flight
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Primary Controls – Slipstream
Ailerons are outside the slipstream therefore they are not affected by changes to the slipstream Elevator and Rudder are inside the slipstream therefore they are affected by changes to the slipstream
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Primary Controls – Slipstream
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Ancillary Controls Trim Throttle Flap
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Throttle – Reducing Power
High Power Low Power Reduced Slipstream The couple is unbalanced Reduced aerodynamic force on tail plane Downwards aerodynamic force on tail plane Reduced Thrust = Nose Down
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Throttle – Increasing Power
Low Power High Power Increased Slipstream Downwards aerodynamic force on tail plane The couple is unbalanced Increased aerodynamic force on tail plane Increased Thrust = Nose Up
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Used to Relieve Flight Control Pressures
Trim Used to Relieve Flight Control Pressures Trim after: Power or speed change Configuration change (flaps) Change of CG Trim is your Friend
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Flap
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Attitude and Trim Change
Flap Lift & Drag Increase Flaps Down Flaps Up Flap Operating Range VFE and White Arc (C152 85kt, PA38 89kt) “Lift” Flap – (10º) More Lift than Drag “Drag” Flap – (20º to 30º) Increases Lift but significant increase in Drag Changes: Wing Shape Pitch Attitude and Trim Change
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Low Wing High Wing (PA38) (C152) Pitch Down Pitch Up
Flap – Pitch Change Low Wing High Wing (PA38) (C152) Pitch Down Pitch Up
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Newton’s First Law of Motion
Inertia Newton’s First Law of Motion “An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.” Inertia The resistance an object has to a change in its state of motion. The aircraft will take time to react to control inputs. This must be taken into account when changing the speed or the direction of the aircraft. “ANTICIPATE”
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Airmanship Instructor Speak Visual Flight Rules (VFR) “I have control”
Clear of Cloud “You have control” In sight of ground or water “Follow me through” Main Reference See & Be Seen Horizon Ground Features North, South, East, West, Airfield
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Airmanship Lookout Left to Right 2 sec / 20 90% Outside
Always point out aircraft you see Clock Code “Bandits at 10 o’clock high!”
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Airmanship – Personal Checklist
I’M S.A.F.E Illness Medication Stress Alcohol (or Drugs) Fatigue Eating
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Human Factors Lookout: Limitations Focus, obstacles
Peripheral (detects movement) Memory: Information overload Short-term memory 7 items 2 Use checklists
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Human Factors Stress: Being busy affects performance and information processing Become more comfortable with practice Lesson Structure: Demonstrating different items therefore is an uncoordinated lesson Future lessons will build on previous ones
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Aeroplane Management – Throttle
Move Forward to Increase Power Move Back to Decrease Power Smooth Movements (0 – Full = 2 sec) Look after the engine
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Aeroplane Management – Mixture
Changes Fuel/Air ratio Adjust for change in height (air density) Out/Down for “Idle Cut Off” In/Up for “Full Rich” Set full rich for initial training flights
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Aeroplane Management – Carb Heat
Used for possible carburettor icing In/Up for “Off” (Cold) Out/Down for “On” (Hot)
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Aeroplane Management – T’s & P’s
Temperatures and Pressures In the “Green” - normal operating range
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Aeroplane Management – Flap
C152 Electrical VFE 85kt White Arc PA38 Manual VFE 89kt
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Aeroplane Management – Pre-flight
Complete details in the Flight Manual
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Air Exercise – Attitude
Attitude flying, by referencing the nose, and the wings - to the horizon
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When used on their “own”
Air Exercise – Aileron When used on their “own” Roll Slip Yaw Spiral Descent
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Air Exercise – Rudder When used on it’s “own” Yaw Skid Roll
more lift less lift more lift less lift Yaw Skid Roll Spiral Descent
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Air Exercise – Summary Controls are used in the correct sense
Input Primary Effect Further Effect Use Control Column Elevator Rearward Pitch Up Nil Attitude Airspeed Forward Pitch Down Control Column Aileron Left Roll Left Slip – Yaw Spiral Descent Direction Right Roll Right Rudder Pedals Rudder Left Yaw Left Skid – Roll Spiral Descent Balance Right Yaw Right Controls are used in the correct sense Movement is relative to the pilot/aircraft
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Air Exercise – Airspeed
All Controls Affected by Airspeed Increased Airspeed Feel Harder More Responsive Smaller Movements Decreased Airspeed Feel Sluggish Less Responsive Larger Movements
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Air Exercise – Slipstream
Elevator and Rudder are inside the slipstream therefore they are affected by changes to the slipstream Constant Airspeed Increased power = increased slipstream MORE Effective Decreased power = decreased slipstream less effective Yaw Rudder
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Air Exercise – Power To Correct Use Right Rudder Increasing Power
Pitch up Increasing Power Yaw Right Yaw Left To Correct Use Left Rudder Decreasing Power Pitch Down
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Used to Relieve Flight Control Pressures
Air Exercise – Trim Used to Relieve Flight Control Pressures Holding forward pressure Trim forward Holding back pressure Trim backwards Trim is your Friend
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Air Exercise – Flap Flaps Lowered = Increase in Lift (Balloon)
Compensate by changing the attitude of the aircraft when flaps are extended or retracted Sink occurs when Flaps are retracted
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Air Exercise – Flap Use of Flap Lowering Flap:
Check Airspeed White Arc VFE: C152 85kt, PA38 89kt Adjust the attitude to maintain speed – Trim Note: Pitch Change, Increased Drag (IAS) Raising Flap: Check Airspeed Lower the nose slightly to increase speed (1.2 VS for next configuration) Arrest sink with slight back pressure when flap is raised.
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