1. Chapter 16-1 Electric Charge and Electric Force

2. Quick Note:
Most of this is not in the textbook.

3. Linking physics and chemistry
Conductors: Normally have only one electron (but upwards to 3) in their outer shell. This valence electron is easily stripped from the atom, producing
current flow.

4. Linking physics and chemistry
Semiconductors: Have 4 electrons in their outer shell. Naturally, they are insulated. However, by adding other atoms as impurities (doping), they can become conductors.

5. Insulators
Insulators will generally have 5-8 electrons (a full outer shell) and a high electronegativity (desire for electrons).

6. Semi-Conductors and Doping
2 types of doping are used:
N-Type: phosphorous or arsenic is added to silicon. Both have 5 valence electrons. When added to the lattice of silicon the 5th electron cannot bond and is free to move around.
P-Type: boron or gallium is added. These have only 3 outer electrons, so when added to the silicon lattice, a hole exists.

7. Using P- and N-Type Semi-Conductors
On their own, neither type of semi-conductor is that great.
However, when combined, the junction between the two is very interesting.
Combining the two creates a diode
A diode allows current to flow in one direction, but not the other.

8. Would this diode work?

9. A couple examples of uses for a diodes
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
Diodes can also be used to block current from flowing in the wrong direction in a voltage sensitive circuit if the battery is placed in backwards.

10. Superconductors
Superconductors conduct electricity with no resistance.
This means they could carry a current indefinitely without losing any energy.
First discovered in 1911 by a Dutch scientist named Heike Kammerling Onnes, who was the first person to liquefy helium and reach temperatures as low as 1.7 Kelvin ( °C)

11. Superconductors
The most recent research is using hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which gives eggs the rotten smell.
The liquid is super-cooled and placed between two diamond plates. The mixture is subjected to 1.5 megabars (10,000kPa) of pressure and will superconduct at -70°C.
This pressure is equivalent to half of the pressure found at Earth’s core.

12. Coulomb’s Law
Two charged objects near one another may experience an acceleration because of differences or similarities in electrical charge.
The closer two charges are, the greater is the force on them (where does this sound familiar from..?)

13. Formula Symbol Description Unit Name Unit Felectric
Electrical Force between two particles
Newton N kC
Coulomb’s Constant
Newton meters squared per Coulomb squared
Nm2/C2
q1 and q2
Charge 1 and charge 2
Coulombs C r2
radius squared
meters squared m2

14. Example
The electron and proton of a hydrogen atom are separated, on average, by a distance of about 5.3x10-11m. Find the magnitudes of the elctric force and the gravitational force that each particle exerts on each other.
melec = 9.109x10-31kg
mprot = 1.673x10-27kg
qe = -1.60x10-19 C
qp = +1.60x10-19 C

15. Solution

16. Practice Problems
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