1. The emergence of the United States in World Affairs (1890-1914)
U.S. History
Goal 6
The emergence of the United States in World Affairs ( )
Mr. Campbell

2. Goal 6 Vocabulary Imperialism Pearl Harbor Alfred T. Mahan
Yellow Journalism
U.S.S. Maine
Rough Riders
San Juan Hill
Treaty of Paris
Foraker Act
Platt Amendment
Protectorate
John Hay
Open Door Notes
Boxer Rebellion
Panama Canal
Roosevelt Corollary
Dollar Diplomacy

3. Imperialism & America
By the late 1880s, America began to adopt a foreign policy of Imperialism
That is the policy in which stronger nations dominate weaker nations economically, politically and militarily

4. The U.S. was trying to catch up with the European nations, for centuries they have been establishing colonies around the world
The European nations practiced colonization so much that all of Africa were ruled by a European nation except for Liberia & Ethiopia

6. Factors for American Imperialism
Desire for military strength
Thirst for new markets
Belief in cultural superiority

7. Desire for Military Strength
Alfred T. Mahan, urged the U.S. to build up their navy to compete with other nations
The Great White Fleet, nine new steel-hull ships
U.S. became the world’s 3rd largest naval power

8. Thirst for New Markets
American factories & farms begin to produce more than what Americans needed so businesses begin to look at other nations to sell their goods
Imperialism would provide new markets in new countries and give the businesses the raw materials they needed

9. Belief in Cultural Superiority
Social Darwinism, was used to justify imperialism
Many Americans believed it was their responsibility to spread Christianity & “civilization” to the world’s “inferior people”---White Man’s Burden

11. U.S. Acquire New Lands
U.S. purchases Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million in it was known as “Seward’s Folly” (Secretary of State William Seward, arranged for the purchase)
Alaska is enriched with timber, minerals, and oil
Alaska will become a state in 1959

12. Since 1790, Hawaii was economically important to the U.S.
In 1887, U.S. pressured Hawaii to allow them to build a naval base---Pearl Harbor
Demands from American sugar plantation owners in Hawaii for annexation begin to increase by the late 1870s.
In 1891, the U.S. organized a rebellion to overthrow the Hawaiian monarchy and in 1898 Hawaii became a U.S. territory
Hawaii became a state in 1959.

13. Events leading up to the Spanish-American War

14. Cuban Rebellion
U.S. had a long interest in Cuba, wanted to purchase it from Spain but they refused
When the Cubans rebelled against Spain between , Americans supported the Cubans---but the rebellions failed
In 1895, Jose Marti, led a rebellion against Spain using guerilla warfare, but it failed as well

15. Yellow Journalism
Americans in large numbers begin to demand the independence of Cuba
American newspapers begin to print articles that attacked Spain---they would exaggerate the news to attract readers (yellow journalism)
William Hearst told one of his picture sketchers “You furnish the pictures and “I’ll furnish the war”
Yellow journalism, showed that the media can shape public opinion thereby the public demand change in the government

16. De Lome Letter
By 1897, Americans demanded President McKinley to intervene in Cuba
McKinley uses diplomatic means to avoid with Spain---tactic seem to work
A stolen letter from the Spanish minister Enrique Dupuy de Lome, was published in an American newspaper that called President McKinley “weak” and a “people pleaser”
Americans were outraged and demanded war

17. U.S.S. Maine Explodes
In February 1898, President McKinley sends the U.S.S. Maine battleship to Cuba to bring home Americans and to protect U.S. economic interests there
A few days after arriving, the U.S.S. Maine explodes in the middle of the night in the harbor of Havana men died
American newspaper editors immediately blamed Spain and demanded revenge
Later, it is found out that the explosion occurred because of an internal explosion in the coal bunker that ignited nearby supply of weapons

20. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
With cries of “REMEMBER THE MAINE” the U.S. declared war on Spain on April 20, 1898
The war was called a “Splendid Little War”
The U.S. navy starts the fight in the Philippines, and with the help of Filipino rebels, the Spanish were defeated within 2 months there

21. By August 1898 the war turns to the Caribbean islands
The U.S. places a blockade around Cuba---which hurt the Spanish navy there
Battle of San Juan Hill—most famous battle in the war is led by Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt and the Rough Riders
August 12, 1898, a cease-fire was declared and the Spanish were defeated.

22. Treaty of Paris
On December 10, 1898, the U.S. and Spain signed treaty to end the war
Terms of the Treaty included:
Spain freed Cuba
Guam & Puerto Rico became U.S. territories
Spain sold the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million
As a result of the war, the U.S. became a world power

24. Territory of Puerto Rico
After the Spanish-American War, the U.S. military ruled Puerto Rico
In 1900, the Foraker Act was passed, that allowed Puerto Rico to set up their own government---with limited control
Insular Cases 1901, Supreme Court ruled that the rights of the Constitution do not automatically apply to U.S. territories
1917, Congress gave Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship and full control of their government---as a result Puerto Rico is a commonwealth of the U.S.

25. Cuba Under U.S. Control After the war, the U.S. military occupied Cuba
The U.S. forced Cuba to add to their constitution, the Platt Amendment, which stated:
U.S. had the right to intervene in Cuba
U.S. could buy/lease land in Cuba for the navy
Cuba became a U.S. protectorate—a country who is controlled by a stronger nation

27. Filipinos Rebel
The Filipinos did not like that the Philippines were sold to America
Emilo Aguinaldo, led a rebellion against U.S. occupation that lasted for 3 years
America eventually put down the rebellion at a cost of $400 million (20x the cost to purchase the Philippines)
The U.S. would control the Philippines until 1946, when the U.S. gave them their independence

28. Foreign Influence in China
By the early 1900s European nations carved out “spheres of influence”—areas where each nation claimed special rights and economic privileges in China
Secretary of State John Hay, issued the Open Door notes---stated Europe must allow U.S. equal access to trade in China

29. The Boxer Rebellion
China was an independent nation, but European nations and the U.S. dominated them
The Chinese formed secret societies, such as the Boxers, to rid the country of “foreign devils”
The Boxers killed hundreds of foreigners. By August 1900, a coalition of European nations and the U.S. put down the rebellion

30. U.S. Foreign Policy
Under President Theodore Roosevelt, the U.S. increased its influence in Latin America because of its numerous economic interests there
U.S. built the Panama Canal, for faster trade between the Atlantic/Pacific Oceans & greater mobility for the navy

31. Roosevelt Corollary (aka “Big Stick diplomacy)—expanded the Monroe Doctrine—more influence in Latin America and U.S. would use force to protect its economic interests in Latin America
U.S. becomes the “police” of the Western Hemisphere
As a result the U.S. would intervene in the affairs of Latin American countries more often
U.S. had a paternalistic/interventionist relationship with Latin America

33. Dollar Diplomacy—gave money to Latin American countries so the U. S
Dollar Diplomacy—gave money to Latin American countries so the U.S. had greater influence in their countries
This policy kept European countries out of Latin America
As a result the Latin American countries were economically dependent on the U.S.

34. President Woodrow Wilson in 1913 declared the Missionary Diplomacy
Stated that the U.S. had the moral responsibility not to recognize nations in Latin America that were being oppressive to its people or hostile to U.S. interests
As a result, the U.S. would intervene to put in power people that they wanted and would help to organize revolts against the established governments

35. Thoughts on Imperialism
United States pursued and achieved several
foreign policy goals in the 20th century:
It expanded its access to foreign markets in order to ensure the continued growth of the economy
U.S. built a modern navy to protect its interests abroad
U.S. exercised its international police power to ensure dominance in Latin America