1. 1920's, The Great Depression and the New Deal

2. The Second Industrial Revolution
Innovation
U.S. develops the highest standard of living in the world
The twenties and the second revolution
electricity replaces steam
modern assembly introduced
Airplanes – Charles Lindbergh – first solo flight over the Atlantic Ocean (1927)

3. Socially transforming innovations
electricity
electric lightbulb (1880's – 1924 the Phoebus cartel)
automobile
mass production – assembly line
Fordism
radio

4. Scientific Advancements and Conservatism
The Scopes Trial (1925)
Eugenics – Immigration Act of 1924

5. The Automobile Industry
Auto makers stimulate sales through model changes, advertising
Auto industry fosters other businesses
Autos encourage suburban sprawl

6. Patterns of Economic Growth
Structural change
professional managers replace individual entrepreneurs
corporations become the dominant business form
Big business weakens regionalism, brings uniformity to America

7. Glenwood Stove Ad

8. Economic Weaknesses Railroads poorly managed
Coal displaced by petroleum
Farmers face decline in exports, prices
Growing disparity between income of laborers, middle-class managers
Middle class speculates with idle money

9. City Life in the Jazz Age
Rapid increase in urban population
Skyscrapers symbolize the new mass culture
Communities of home, church, and school are absent in the cities

10. Women and the Family Ongoing crusade for equal rights
“Flappers” seek individual freedom
Most women remain in domestic sphere
Discovery of adolescence
teenaged children no longer need to work
indulge their craving for excitement

11. The Roaring Twenties
Decade notable for obsessive interest in celebrities
Sex becomes an all-consuming topic of interest in popular entertainment

12. The Flowering of the Arts
Alienation from 20s’ mass culture
"Exiled" American writers put U.S. in forefront of world literature
T.S. Eliot
Ernest Hemingway
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Harlem Renaissance--African Americans prominent in music, poetry

13. The Rural Counterattack
Rural Americans identify urban culture with Communism, crime, immorality
Progressives attempt to force reform on the American people
upsurge of bigotry
an era of repression

14. The Fear of Radicalism 1919-- “Red Scare”
illegal roundups of innocent people
forcible deportation of aliens
terrorism against “radicals,” immigrants
Sacco and Vanzetti executed

15. Prohibition 1918--18th Amendment ratified
1920--Volstead Act prohibits production, sale, or transport of alcoholic beverages
Consumption of alcohol reduced
Prohibition resented in urban areas
Bootlegging becomes big business
th amendment repealed

16. The Ku Klux Klan 1925--Klan membership hits 5 million
Attack on urban culture, inhabitants
Defense of traditional rural values
Klan seeks to win U.S. by persuasion
Violence, internal corruption result in Klan’s virtual disappearance by 1930

17. Immigration Restriction
1924--Congress restricts all immigration
Preferential quotas to northern Europeans
Mexican immigrants exempt from quota

18. The Fundamentalist Challenge
Fundamentalism: stress on traditional Protestant orthodoxy, biblical literalism
1925--Scopes Trial discredits fundamentalism among intellectuals
“Modernists” gain mainline churches
Fundamentalists strengthen grassroots appeal in new churches

19. Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover
Republican presidents appeal to traditional American values
Harding scandals break after his death
Coolidge represents America in his austerity and rectitude
Hoover represents the self-made man

21. The Election of 1928 Democrat Al Smith carries urban vote
governor of New York
Roman Catholic
Republican Herbert Hoover wins race
Midwesterner
Protestant
Religion the campaign’s decisive issue

23. The Great Crash
1928--soaring stock prices attract individual, corporate investment
1929--stock market crashes
directly affects 3 million
credit crunch stifles business
Businesses lay off workers
Demand for consumer goods declines

24. Effects of the Depression
Hardship affects all classes
The middle class loses belief in ever-increasing prosperity
Thousands of young homeless, jobless

25. Fighting the Depression
Republican attempts to overcome catastrophe flounder
Depression gives Democrats opportunity to regain power

26. Hoover and Voluntarism
Hoover initially seeks solution through voluntary action, private charity
Eventually aids farmers and bankers
Resists Democratic efforts to give direct aid to the unemployed
perceived as indifferent to human suffering
programs seen as incompetent

27. Bank Failures,

28. The Emergence of Roosevelt
Franklin Roosevelt
born to wealth and privilege
1921--crippled by polio
1928--elected governor of New York
talented politician
1932--defeats Hoover with farmer- worker-immigrant-Catholic coalition

31. The Hundred Days Banking system saved from collapse
Fifteen major laws provide relief
New Deal aims to reform and restore, not nationalize, the economy

32. Roosevelt and Recovery
National Recovery Administration
industries formulate codes to eliminate cut-throat competition, ensure labor peace
codes favor big business, unenforceable
1935--NRA ruled unconstitutional
Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933
farmers paid to take land out of cultivation
prices increase
sharecroppers, tenant farmers dispossessed

33. Roosevelt and Relief
1933--Harry Hopkins placed in charge of RFC to direct aid to unemployed
1933--Civilian Conservation Corps provides employment to young people
1935--Works Progress Administration place unemployed on federal payroll
Programs never sufficiently funded

34. Roosevelt and Reform 1933-34--focus on immediate problems
1935--shift to permanent economic reform

35. Challenges to FDR
Father Charles Coughlin advocates nationalizing banks, anti-Semitism
Francis Townsend calls for wealth redistribution from young to the elderly
Huey Long calls for redistribution of wealth by seizing private fortunes

36. Social Security 1935--Social Security Act passed Criticisms
too few people would collect pensions
unemployment package inadequate
Establishes pattern of government aid to poor, aged, handicapped

37. Labor Legislation 1935--Wagner Act 1938--Fair Labor Standard Act
allows unions to organize
outlaws unfair labor practices
1938--Fair Labor Standard Act
maximum hour
minimum wage

38. Impact of the New Deal
Had a broad influence on the quality of life in the U.S. in the 1930s
Helps labor unions most
Helps women, minorities least

39. Rise of Organized Labor
1932--National Recovery Act spurs union organizers
Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO) formed by John L. Lewis
CIO unionizes steel, auto industries
1940--CIO membership hits 5 million, 28% of labor force unionized

40. The New Deal Record on Help to Minorities
Crop reduction program allows whites to fire or evict blacks, Hispanics
Public works programs help by providing employment
New Deal figures convince minorities that the government is on their side
1934--Indian Reorganization Act gives American Indians greater control

41. Women at Work Position of women deteriorates in ‘30s
jobs lost at a faster rate than men
hardly any New Deal programs help
Progress in government
Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor, the first woman cabinet member
women appointed to several other posts
Eleanor Roosevelt a model for activism

42. End of the New Deal 1936--New Deal peaks with Roosevelt’s reelection
Congress resists programs after 1936

43. The Election of 1936 FDR’s campaign
attacks the rich
promises further reforms
defeats Republican Alf Landon
Democrats win lopsided majorities in both houses of Congress
FDR coalition: South, cities, labor, ethnic groups, African Americans, poor

45. The Supreme Court Fight
Supreme Court blocks several of FDR’s first-term programs
1937--FDR seeks right to "pack" Court
Congressional protest forces retreat
FDR’s opponents emboldened

48. The New Deal in Decline 1936--cutbacks for relief agencies
1937--severe slump hits economy
Roosevelt blamed, resorts to huge government spending
1938--Republican party revives

49. The New Deal and American Life
New Deal’s limitations
depression not ended
economic system not fundamentally altered
little done for those without political clout
Achievements
Social Security, the Wagner Act
political realignment of the 1930s