1. Starter Edward Jenner Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Edwin Chadwick
Why were each of these individuals important?
Edward Jenner
Louis Pasteur
Robert Koch
Edwin Chadwick
Octavia Hill
James Simpson
Robert Lister

2. Medicine in the 18th and 19th Century
How developed was medicine?
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which the 18th and 19th Century was developed

3. Why are each of these facts significant?
Key Facts
New hospitals beginning to be set up.
Due to the Industrial Revolution.
British towns were overcrowded and unhealthy.
Numerous epidemics like the 1854 outbreak of cholera in London.
In 1848 a Public Health Act was passed.
Average age increased from 30 in 1801 to 50 in 1901.
New developments: Vaccination, chloroform
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which the 18th and 19th Century was developed

4. Why was Jenner important?
How important was the work of Paré?
List the pros and cons of his work
What factors were significant to his successes?
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which the 18th and 19th Century was developed

5. Impact of Jenner Why did vaccination work?
Cowpox is almost the same virus as smallpox so that when the body reacts to cowpox it becomes immune to a very similar disease of smallpox.
Why was Jenner unable to explain why vaccination worked?
He did not know the smallpox was caused by a virus. He did not have a powerful microscope which would have enabled him to examine smallpox and see what it contained.
Why was Jenner's work important?
He was the first immunises He made use of the knowledge that recovering from one disease makes it immune to another. Basis of science of immunology by Pasteur in the 19th century.
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which the 18th and 19th Century was developed

6. Why was Louis Pasteur important?
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which the 18th and 19th Century was developed

7. Pasteur vs Koch SUMMARY
In 1850 there were still several different ideas about what caused disease.
Pasteur’s experiments showed that germs caused decay.
Pasteur demonstrated that germs caused disease in animals.
Robert Koch was able to prove that each type of germ caused a specific disease by his work on anthrax.
A variety of factors enabled these pioneers to make their discoveries.
Both Pasteur and Koch built teams of scientists and doctors to help their developments.
Individual genius enabled them to recognise opportunities for progress.
Development did not happen in isolation - communications enabled pioneers to improve upon each other's discoveries.
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which the 18th and 19th Century was developed

8. Factors which enabled Pastuer and Koch to succeed
Pasteur vs Koch
Factors which enabled Pastuer and Koch to succeed

9. Stepping stones to the 20th Century
1909 Ehrlich and Hata discovered a new chemical drug, Salvarsan 606, which kills the syphilis germ. This was the first chemical 'magic bullet'.
Fleming discovered penicillin - the first antibiotic. He did not go on to develop it further
Florey and Chain began their research into the production of pure penicillin at Oxford.
1942 The US chemicals industry invested in the mass production of penicillin, so that it was readily available to the Allied forces in the Second World War.
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which the 18th and 19th Century was developed

10. Developments/Limitations
Public Health
Surgery and Anatomy
Disease and Infection
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which the 18th and 19th Century was developed

11. 18th/19th Century medicine
How important were the following factors in leading to the development of medicine at this time?
18th/19th Century medicine
Individuals
Government
Technology
Religion
Education
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which the 18th and 19th Century was developed

12. Evaluation technique
Which was the most important factor that led to the development of medicine in the 18th and 19th Century?
Which was the least important factor that led to the development of medicine in the 18th and 19th Century?
Can you get any links between the two?
Did one factor influence another?
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which the 18th and 19th Century was developed

13. Examination technique
Choose one of the factors below. - Key individuals - Conservative attitudes Choose one factor and explain its importance for the development of medical knowledge at this time (4) Which factor was the most significant to the development of medical knowledge at this time? Explain your answer (8)
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which the 18th and 19th Century was developed

14. Source work
What does source A suggest about the development of Public Health in the 19th Century? (4)
SOURCE A: Part of a letter from a Mr Perkins to the government’s Board of
Health in 1848.
‘….my impression is that [the gases] chemically infect exposed water; and the
poorer classes using such water are consequently the greatest sufferers.’
Aim: To explain (B) and evaluate (A) the extent to which the 18th and 19th Century was developed