2. The antifreeze gene is cut out of its DNA using an enzyme.

3. The gene is pasted into the DNA from another organism using another enzyme.
The DNA is then inserted into a vector e.g. a virus or a bacterium.

4. The vector is copied many times.
And mixed with cells of the organism that you want to have the gene.
This produces a transgenic organism.

5. The organism is placed in conditions that it needs for growth.
The adult will use the new gene to make a protein that gives it a new feature.
Adults that have the new feature are cloned.

6. Millions of tonnes of bananas are wasted every year because their cells produce an enzyme that ripens the fruit, turning it brown and squashy.
A gene has been discovered in a common soil bacterium that produces a protein that blocks the ripening gene.
If the blocking gene can be inserted into banana cells, the fruit would ripen more slowly with less waste and refrigeration energy costs to producers and a better product for consumers.