1. Changes in 19th Century Europe

2. Quick Write Explain and justify the following statement:
“The pen is mightier than the sword.”

3. Forces at work in 19th Century Europe
Nationalism
Liberalism
Industrialization
Chartism & other labor or social movements

4. Nationalism
Napoleonic phase of revolution – creation of new nations (or revival of old ones)
Poland
Germany reduced to 38 states (from 300+)
Territories of Ottoman Empire peeling off
Greek independence – 1820’s
Serbian independence movement
Spanish Rebellion
Belgium – 1830’s

5. Lord Byron on Greek Independence
The mountains look on Marathon -- And Marathon looks on the sea; And musing there an hour alone, I dream'd that Greece might yet be free For, standing on the Persians' grave, I could not deem myself a slave. ... Must we but weep o'er days more blest? Must we but blush? -- Our fathers bled. Earth! render back from out thy breast A remnant of our Spartan dead! Of the three hundred grant but three, To make a new Thermopylae.

6. Nationalism New Nations The United States Germany
Universal suffrage to adult males (not slaves)
Germany
Unification in 1880’s, starting with Napoleonic 38 states
Formation of free-trade zone among German states
Emergence of Prussia as core

8. Nationalism
Italy
The Piedmont &
House of Savoy
Cavour
Role of Opera

9. Nationalism Used differently by conservatives & liberals
Conservatives: Reinforced old order & emphasis on empire & external politics
Liberals: Establishment of national parliaments, focus on internal politics

10. Liberalism Believed in granting franchise (vote) to avoid revolution
Peterloo Massacre of 1819 brought fear of radical conflict
Reform Bill of 1832 – Middle Class men

11. Chartist movement Chartist movement in Britain 1830’s
Working class movement
Wanted vote, education

12. Industrialization Backdrop to everything else
Shift from Agricultural focus to industrial slow
Urbanization
Reduced dominance of landed nobility (end of manorialism)
Impacted family life, standard of living positively