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Art & Architecture of Pompeii and Herculanium
House of Pansa House of the Vettii Villa of the mysteries House of the Faun “Harbour Scene from Stabiae “the Lost Ram “Perseus and Andromeda “Death of Penthius “The Trojan horse Portrait of Terentius neo & wife Dionysiac frieze villa of the Mysteries Wall from Villa Publius Fannius Sinistor Portrait of a Woman Alexander Mosaic Nilotic scene “Sorceress & client
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79AD DESTRUCTION buried under 10m of ash and remained so for 1700 yrs. A time capsule into the life of 1st century Romans in a holiday area of Campania. Pompeians didn’t become Roman citizens until 89BC and by 79AD Roman culture overlay the earlier culture of the Osci and Samnite tribes. Greeks had occupied the southern part of Italy since 5th century BC so there was an influence of Hellenism in Pompeii and Herculanium.
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PUBLIC BUILDINGS: Temples, Basilicas (palaces). Fine decoration and architecture PRIVATE BUILDINGS: As today, homes reflected socio-economic status: Poor lived in high rise apartments (Insulae) in 4th century Rome there were of them housing more than ¾ of a million people. In Pompei (pop 20,000) the poor lived in flats above shops and richer houses. Wealthy lived in Domus (stand alone houses built around an open atrium – inward looking) or luxurious villae (grand with seaviews, terrace, porticoes, large windows) on the outskirts of town or surrounding countryside overlooking the bay of Naples.
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The Elite Domus Typical elite houses evolved from Etruscan atrium-style houses, with the addition of Greek style peristyle (colonnaded) gardens. Usually were one floor, with a main reception room (atrium) surrounded by bedrooms (cubicula), dining room (triclinium), record room/office (tablinum).
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Palatine Hill, 6th c. BCE House
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The Roman domus DOMUS Upper rooms, often sublet to tenants.
Impluvium - pool directly below roof opening Triclinium – summer dining room. Roof opening – letting in light (and rain) Exedra–outdoor sitting or eating Peristylium – courtyard with trees, fountains, statues, surrounded by columns (colonnade) Oecus–spare room. Horta – garden The Roman domus Culina – Kitchens Tablinum – Study. Cubiculum – bedrooms Atrium – visitors room Triclinium – dining room. Taberna – rented out shop or workplace. Fauces – or vestibulum DOMUS Outer Wall – Domus was inward facing.
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Sample Plan of a Roman House (Domus)
V vestibulum T taberna C cubiculum/cubicula L latrina A atrium Al alae Ta tablinum Cu culina Tri triclinium P peristylium E exedra
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Pompeii, House Entrance
The Faucis (entrance way) Pompeii, House Entrance
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Entrance, House of Menander
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House of Menander, View from Fauces to Peristyle Garden
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The Atrium Reception room, often with an opening in the ceiling with an impluvium below. Contained the family gods (Lares and Penates), imagines (masks of the ancestors), symbolic marriage bed. Women of the house (or their slaves) may have wool-worked there.
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Atrium, House of the Silver Wedding, Pompeii
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The Lararium Lararium
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Bronze Lar, found in a SW corner of an atrium, Pompeii
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Herculaneum Lararium contained lars (symbols or masks of ancestors), & penates (gods of the household
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Loom Reconstruction
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The Tablinum The Master’s Study containing the family records
wax tablets (Tabulae) the Household Safe (Arca) Scrolls
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House of the Faun Tablinum
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Detail of the Mosaic Floor
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Tabula and Writing Materials
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Lucernae, Oil Lamps
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Scrolls in Capsa
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A tablinum wall-painting
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The Culina
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Roman Kitchen, Reconstruction
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View of an Ancient Kitchen
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Ancient Glassware
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Roman Cooking Utensils in Bronze
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The Latrina (Ancient Roman Toilet) Fun on a cold morning!
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Latrina Closeup
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Cubicula (Bedrooms)
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Roman Beds
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Pompeii, House of the Centaur, Cubiculum Reconstruction
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Triclinium (Dining Room)
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Pompeii, Triclinium
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Dining Room - Summer
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Pompeii, Candelabrum
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Triclinium, The Dining Room
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Triclinium
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Roman Seating
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Roman Marble Table
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Pompeii, Bronze Table
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Pompeii, Roman Glass
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Roman Lamps
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Roman Couches
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Peristyle Court
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Peristylium with Birdbath and Hortus
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Peristylium with Piscina (Fish Pond)
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Walled Peristylium
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Outdoor Fountain
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Frontal View of the Fountain and Statue.
Note the Intricate Mosaic Work
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D O o u o t r L a r a r i u m
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Tintinnabulum, Pompeii
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Villa at Boscoreale, Reconstruction
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Cubiculum, Boscoreale
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Herculaneum 3 Storey House
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Pompeii Street Plan
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Pompeii Houses with Vesuvius View
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Villa at Settefinestre
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Settefinestre House Plan
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Houses of the Poor Poorer working people lived in rooms behind or above their places of work. The elite often rented out the front rooms of their houses, on either side of the entrances, for use as shops, workrooms, or restaurants, often with living space included. The lower classes also lived in apartment buildings (insulae).
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Insulae
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Domus Romana
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