1. Disease and Disease-Producing Organisms
Chapter 5
Disease and Disease-Producing Organisms

2. Disease Abnormality of structure or function of part, organ, or system
Felt or observed by others
Known or unknown cause
Variable severity of effects

3. Categories of Disease Infection Degenerative diseases
Nutritional diseases
Metabolic disorders
Immune disorders
Neoplasms
Psychiatric disorders

4. Predisposing Causes of Disease
Age
Gender
Heredity
Living conditions
Emotional disturbance
Physical and chemical damage
“Occupational” diseases
Preexisting illness

5. Checkpoint 5-1: What is disease?
Checkpoint 5-2: What is the definition of a predisposing cause of disease?

6. The Study of Disease
Relationship between the pathologic and physiologic processes of medical disorders

7. Disease Terminology Etiology Incidence Classification Acute Chronic
Subacute

8. Checkpoint 5-3: What two medical sciences are involved in any study of disease?
Checkpoint 5-4: What is a communicable disease?

9. Treatment and Prevention of Disease
Diagnosis
Symptoms
Signs
Syndrome
Prognosis
Therapy

10. Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
Naturopathy
Chiropractic
Acupuncture
Biofeedback
Exercise, massage, yoga, meditation, etc.

11. Prevention of Disease Seeks to stop disease before it actually happens
Keep people well through promotion of health

12. Checkpoint 5-5: A physician uses signs and symptoms to identify an illness. What is this identification called?

13. Infectious Disease
Invasion of the body by disease-producing microorganisms

14. Modes of Transmission
From infected human, insect, or animal host to another susceptible host
Through direct or indirect contact

15. Portals of Entry and Exit
Skin
Respiratory tract
Digestive system
Urinary and reproductive systems

16. Checkpoint 5-6: What is the relationship between a parasite and a host?
Checkpoint 5-7: What term describes any disease-causing organism?
Checkpoint 5-8: What are some portals of entry and exit for microorganisms?

17. Microbiology – The Study of Microscopic Organisms
Bacteria (bacteriology)
Viruses (virology)
Fungi (mycology)
Protozoa (protozoology)
Algae (algology)

18. Normal Flora
Population of microorganisms that normally grows on and within the human body

19. Checkpoint 5-9: What are the categories of organisms studied in microbiology?
Checkpoint 5-10: What term refers to the microorganisms that normally live in or on the body?

20. Bacteria Single-celled organisms Lack a true nucleus Found everywhere
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Facultative anaerobes

21. Checkpoint 5-11: What are resistant forms of bacteria called?

22. Shape and Arrangement of Bacteria
Cocci
Round
Bacilli
Short, slender rods
Vibrios
Short rods with a slight curvature
Spirilla
Long wavelike cells resembling a corkscrew
Spirochetes
Long wavelike cells capable of waving and twisting motions

23. Cocci, round bacteria (Gram stained).
ZOOMING IN • What word describes the shape and arrangement of the cells in D?

24. Bacilli, rod-shaped bacteria.

25. Curved rods.
ZOOMING IN • What feature indicates that the cells in A are capable of movement?

26. Other Bacteria
Rickettsia
Chlamydia

27. Naming Bacteria
Genus name: Capitalized and italic
species name: lowercase and italic
EXAMPLE: Escherichia coli or E. coli

28. Checkpoint 5-12: What are the three basic shapes of bacteria?

29. Viruses Extremely small microorganisms
Composed of a core of nucleic acid surrounded by a coat of proteins
Grow only within living cells

30. Virus size comparison.

31. Infectious Agents Smaller than Viruses
Prions
Composed solely of protein
Viroids
Composed solely of RNA, no protein coat

32. Checkpoint 5-13: How do viruses differ from bacteria?

33. Fungi Large group of simple plantlike organisms, few are pathogenic
Yeasts
Single-celled forms of fungi
Molds
Fuzzy, filamentous forms of fungi

34. Protozoa Animal-like, single-celled microbes found all over the world
Amebas
Ciliates
Flagellates
Sporozoa

35. Some parasitic protozoa
Some parasitic protozoa. ZOOMING IN • Why are the parasites in E described as intracellular? What is the role of the vectors shown in C and E?

36. Checkpoint 5-14: What group of microorganisms is most animal-like?

37. Parasitic Worms Parasites with human hosts, also called helminths
Helminthology
The study of parasitic worms.

38. Roundworms Ascaris Pinworms Hookworms Trichina (trichinosis)
Filaria worm (filariasis, elephantiasis)

39. Common parasitic roundworms..
ZOOMING IN • What kind of muscle tissue is shown in B?

40. Flatworms
Ribbonlike or leaf shaped
Tapeworms
Flukes

41. Checkpoint 5-15: What is the study of worms called?

42. Microbial Control Increase in world population
Disruption of animal habitats
Increased travel (SARS)
Opportunistic infections
Changes in food handling

43. Microbes and Public Health
Sewage and garbage disposal
Purification of water supplies
Prevention of food contamination
Milk pasteurization

44. Aseptic Methods
Sterilization
Disinfection
Antisepsis

45. Infection Control Techniques
Universal precautions
Handwashing
OSHA

46. Checkpoint 5-16: Aseptic practices are intended to eliminate pathogens
Checkpoint 5-16: Aseptic practices are intended to eliminate pathogens. What are the three levels of asepsis?
Checkpoint 5-17: What is the single most important measure for preventing the spread of infection?

47. Antimicrobial Agents Antibiotics (antibacterial agents)
Antiviral agents

48. Checkpoint 5-18: What is an antibiotic?

49. Laboratory Identification of Pathogens
Obtain and label specimens from patients
Grow out bacterial cells
Isolate individual organisms
Multiply to form colonies
Stain cells so they can be seen
Perform tests to identify organisms

50. Other Methods of Identification
Growth characteristics in liquid and solid media
Oxygen requirements
Ability of bacteria to utilize various carbohydrates
Reaction to various chemicals
Serologic (immunologic) tests

51. Checkpoint 5-19: One way of identifying microorganisms is to examine them under a microscope. Before examination, the cells are colored so they can be seen. What are the dyes used to color the cells called?