1. Transactions

2. How do we measure performance?
Example Databases:
Web content server supporting a forum
HackerRank leaderboard holding high scores
Medical images server containing dental X-rays
Tax accountant database tracking payments
All of these desire two things:
Throughput - How many requests can the database handle
The more requests a database can handle, the more useful the database is
Response Time - How long does it take to handle a request
Low latency (short response time) means the requests are handled quickly

3. How do we make faster databases?
Same way we make any program faster:
Run it on a faster computer (better hardware)
Write it to use less computational resources (optimizations)
Reduce unnecessary IO (better cache performance)
But the biggest way is to allow for concurrency
Instead of only allowing one connection (and one command) to run at a time, we allow for multiple executions.
This means we can utilize the multiple cores / processes / threads that the computer can give us.
It also means we can get other work done while waiting for the slow parts (human interaction, disk IO, long SQL queries)
But concurrency can add complexity (as we will see)

4. Transaction
In database vocabulary, a transaction is a unit of execution. The DBMS strives to ensure that transactions are all-or-nothing affairs. This means that one of two things must happen after a transaction is completed:
Either, the transaction successfully read/modified the database,
Or, the transaction was aborted and made no changes to the database.
To make it easier to reason about transactions, the database ensures that incomplete transactions can't have an effect on the database

5. Which is the correct final table?
Transaction A (Add Josh)
INSERT INTO students VALUES ('Josh', 3.5);
Original Table "students"
name
grade
Tyler
3.2
Grant
3.4
A then B
B then A
name
grade
Tyler
3.7
Grant
3.9
Josh
4.0
name
grade
Tyler
3.7
Grant
3.9
Josh
3.5
Transaction B (Improve Grade)
UPDATE students SET grade = grade + 0.5;
Which is the correct final table?
Both are Okay

6. A then B
Transaction A (Add Students)
INSERT INTO students VALUES ('Josh', 3.5);
INSERT INTO students VALUES ('Charles', 2.2);
name
grade
Tyler
3.7
Grant
3.9
Josh
4.0
Charles
2.7
A(1) then B then A(2)
name
grade
Tyler
3.7
Grant
3.9
Josh
4.0
Charles
2.2
Transaction B (Improve Grade)
UPDATE students SET grade = grade + 0.5;
B then A
name
grade
Tyler
3.7
Grant
3.9
Josh
3.5
Charles
2.2
This is bad! Josh got an improved grade, but Charles didn't. This violates the ACID test!
Original Table "students"
name
grade
Tyler
3.2
Grant
3.4

7. ACID
Properly implemented transactions are commonly said to meet the “ACID test,” where:
A - stands for atomicity, the all-or-nothing execution of transactions.
I - stands for isolation, the fact that each transaction must appear to be executed as if no other transaction is executing at the same time.
D - stands for durability, the condition that the effect on the database of a transaction must never be lost, once the transaction has completed.
The remaining letter, C, stands for consistency. That is, all databases have consistency constraints, or expectations about relationships among data elements (e.g., account balances may not be negative after a transaction finishes). Transactions are expected to preserve the consistency of the database.

8. When Josh's grade was improved, but Charles' wasn't, what ACID property was violated?
Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability

9. Consistency
A database has a state, which is a value for each of its elements.
Intuitively, we regard certain states as consistent, and others as inconsistent.
Consistent states satisfy all constraints of the database schema, such as key constraints and constraints on values.
However, consistent states must also satisfy implicit constraints that are in the mind of the database designer.
Examples:
Conservation of Money - no transfer of money between accounts should change the total amount of money represented in the database
Valid Data - If I remove a student from the table "students", they will also be removed the table "friends".

10. The Correctness Principle:
"If a transaction executes in the absence of any other transactions or system errors, and it starts with the database in a consistent state, then the database is also in a consistent state when the transaction ends."
All transactions must conform to this rule.