1. Chapter 8.1, 8.2, 8.4 Carbon & “Everything”
Mr. Sapalicio
Monterey Highlands

2. THE CARBON CYCLE and OIL
Why care about Carbon?
Basis for Life and our existence
The molecules and compounds that make up your body are all there ands supported by this one major element. CARBON
Ex: Sugars, DNA, proteins, fats, all of these contain carbon.
THE CARBON CYCLE and OIL
When the plants are eaten by animals, or decomposed by fungi, or burnt, the stored energy and carbon are released back into the environment and the cycle begins again.
Carbon is one of the only elements, because of its bonding properties, that can create long chain-shaped molecules or ring shaped molecules. These carbon rings and chains form the basis for the fats (fatty acid chains), carbohydrates, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), and proteins that serve as the basis of life.

3. Why Care about Carbon?
The release of the carbon back into the environment may not happen straight away – when a forest is buried by a landslide, for example, trapping the stored carbon beneath the earth. This sort of thing has happened often enough over the course of the Earth’s history to build up large reserves of fossil fuel in the Earth’s crust (coal, oil and gas), which we are steadily burning our way through to generate power.
Almost everything we use as fuel, whether in food or power stations, is also based on one kind of carbon-based chain or another; everything from natural gas through petrol and alcohol to oil to wax and plastic is composed of hydrocarbon chains of various lengths.

4. TODAY I WILL LEARN Today I will learn the four forms of pure carbon?
Today I will learn why carbon plays a central role in the chemistry of living things

5. Carbon atoms and Bonding
Carbon atoms can form straight chains,
branched chains, and rings.
Because of its unique ability to combine
in many ways with itself and other elements,
carbon has a central role in the chemistry
of living organisms.
Besides its millions of compounds, carbon also bonds
with itself in different ways to form graphite,
diamond, fullerenes and nanotubes.

6. Forms of Pure Carbon Diamond properties- formed at high temperatures,
bonded strongly to 4 other carbon atoms
extremely hard, & non-reactive.
Melting point 3,500 degrees Celsius.

7. Forms of Pure Carbon
Graphite Properties- bonded to 3 carbon atoms in flat layers, very weak bonds, layers slide past one another. Uses: Lubricant, pencil.

8. Forms of Pure Carbon
Fullerene properties- made in 1985 by Buckminster Fuller Hollow sphere shape, “buckyballs”,

9. Forms of Pure Carbon
The Nanotube- (6) tiny, light, flexible, extremely strong, and good conductors of heat and electricity.

10. 8.2 Carbon Compounds
Today I will learn some similar properties shared by organic compounds
Today I will learn some properties of hydrocarbons
LIVING ORGANISMS ARE MADE UP OF MOLECULES CONSISTING LARGELY OF THE ELEMENTS (the big 6)
CARBON ©
HYDROGEN (H)
OXYGEN (O)
PHOSPHORUS (P)
SULFUR (S)
NITROGEN (N)

11. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds- a compound that contains carbon.
Many Organic compounds have similar properties in terms of melting points, boiling points, odor, electrical conductivity, and solubility.
Where can you find organic compounds?

12. Hydrocarbons The simplest of Organic Compounds Literally
Hydrocarbons- a compound that contains only the elements hydrogen and carbon.
Hydrocarbons mix poorly with water, and ALL hydrocarbons are flammable.
They differ because of the number of hydrogen and carbon atoms in each molecule.
The carbon chains of a hydrocarbon may be straight,
branched, or ring shaped.

13. Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons- a compound that contains only the elements hydrogen and carbon.
Whenever you see an oxygen and hydrogen (OH) make its way into a hydrocarbon you will have an “Alcohol.”
alcohols have higher boiling points and are liquid at room temperature.

14. Structural Formula & Isomer
Structural Formula- Shows how atoms are arranged in the molecules. Shows kind, number, and arrangement. Isomer- Compounds that have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas.

15. “Bonds…. Double Bonds…. or triple bonds whichever is cool.”
Carbon can form many single bonds or two carbon atoms can form double bonds or triple bonds.
these are indicated by = or =
If a hydrocarbon is made up of only single bonds (-) then it is considered a saturated hydrocarbon
(“fat”urated full/ no more bonds)
If a hydrocarbon is made up of double
or triple bonds then they are classified as
unsaturated hydrocarbons.

16. Polymer and Monomers
Prefixes Mono- one, single, alone Poly- Many Polymer- a very large molecule made of a chain of many small molecules bonded together. Monomers- The small molecules that bonded together to make the polymer. Polymers can be made up of thousands or even millions of atoms. Examples: sheep's wool, cotton fibers, silkworms silk, or even synthetic polymers such as polyester, and nylon.

17. 8.4 Life with Carbon
Carbohydrates- a organic compound full of energy made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
The word “carbohydrate” is made up of;
carbo-carbon, hydrate- combined with water (water- hydrogen and oxygen)

18. Simple Carbohydrates
Simple carbs- the most simple carbohydrates are sugars. There are many kinds of sugars not just the kind in coffee packs or those anchor looking bags of sugar. Glucose- one of the most important sugars in your body, sometimes called “blood sugar” because the body circulates glucose to all body parts through blood. (C6H12O6) Candy sugar is called sucrose. And is more complex than glucose, but still a simple carb. (C12H22O11)

19. 3 levels “nugget of knowledge”
Simple carbs- break down quickly, and the body only needs so much so when you get more than you need your body reserves it and the glucose becomes glycogen (unused glucose). Glycogen can only store so much reserve energy and then it becomes FAT.

20. Complex Carbohydrates
Complex carbs- a polymer made up of smaller molecules that are simple carbohydrates bonded to one another. As a result one molecule of a complex carbohydrate may have hundreds of carbon atoms.
Complex carbohydtaes takes the body longer to digest resulting in a gradual release of energy.
Complex carbs are usually foods you hate to eat, and are found in vegetables and rice and grains. AnD SUPPLY YOUr body with energy for a longer period of time.

21. Size Matters
Living organisms have different kinds of molecules including small ones like water and salt and very large ones such as carbohydrates, fats, protein, and DNA.

22. Next few slides extra info not test stuff

23. Starch and the body
Starch- plants store their energy in the form of the complex carbohydrate starch. found in – bread, cereal, rice, pasta, potato. The body digests large starch molecules into individual glucose. The body than breaks apart the glucose molecules releasing energy in the process. The energy released by breaking down starches allows the body to carry out life functions.

24. Cellulose